Wikipedia

HIV Haemophilia Litigation

The HIV Haemophilia Litigation [1990] 41 BMLR 171,[5] [1990] 140 NLJR 1349 (CA),[6] [1989] E N. 2111, also known as AMcG002,[1] and HHL,[7] was a legal claim by 962 plaintiffs,[8] mainly haemophiliacs (but also their wives, partners and children), who were infected with HIV as a result of having been treated with blood products in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[9][10] The first central defendants were the then Department of Health, with other defendants being the Licensing Authority of the time, (MCA), the CSM (the Committee on the Safety of Medicines), the CBLA (Central Blood Laboratories Authority), and the regional health authorities of England and Wales.[8][11] In total, there were 220 defendants in the action.[12]

HIV Haemophilia Litigation
CourtCourt of Appeal (Civil Division)
Full case name AMcG002 v Central Birmingham Health Authority (1),...[1]
Decided20 September 1990[2]
Citations
  • [1990] 41 BMLR 171
  • [1990] 140 NLJR 1349 (CA)
  • [1990] EWCA Civ J0920-1
  • [1989] E N. 2111[1]
Case history
Appealed fromHigh Court of Justice
Court membership
Judges sitting
Keywords
  • Haemophilia
  • Blood products
  • HIV
  • AIDS
  • Contaminated blood
  • Negligence
  • Tort
  • Breach of statutory duty[3]
  • Class action[4]

The litigation commenced around April 1989[13] and by 7 July 1989, at least 300 plaintiffs had joined the action.[14] Within four months another 300 haemophiliacs had joined the action,[11] however, by this time, (November 1989) 163 haemophiliacs had already developed full-blown AIDS and 107 had died.[15] There was an initial deadline of 2 February 1990 imposed, but this was extended in order to permit 200 haemophiliac children to sign up to the action.[16]

Principal grounds

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The plaintiff's principal allegations were that the UK government had been negligent in failing to become sufficient as a country in the supply of blood products at an earlier point, and in delaying the implementation of heat-treatment of clotting factors in order to inactivate HIV.[16] It was further alleged that the defendants did not respond correctly to the AIDS crisis, specifically, in not reacting with urgency to move to banning imported blood products which were derived from paid donors.[17][18] Another significant ground was breach of duty as provided for in statute, for example, under the National Health Service Act 1977.[19]

Discovery and public interest immunity

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On 20 September 1990, the Court of Appeal heard an appeal concerning discovery where an order of 31 July 1990 had been made by Mr Justice Rougier that required the first central defendant, the Department of Health, to surrender some, but not all of 600 files of historic papers spanning 1972 to 1986, on which they were asserting public interest immunity (PII). The appeal had been brought by the plaintiffs and was being considered in conjunction with a cross-appeal by the defendants.[2]

The documents being withheld under public interest fell into a number of categories: submissions and draft submissions to ministers, policy documents, exchanges with ministers, documents revealing the process by which policy decisions were arrived at, documents showing exchanges between senior officials, briefings to ministers, and position papers on the formulation of future policy prepared by civil servants.[20] 

Part IV of the Canadian inquiry report by Justice Horace Krever provides a more specific breakdown of the subject matter of the documents which were under consideration during the appeal: documents relating to the drive for self-sufficiency, the allocation of resources, documents on the laboratory (BPL) where blood products were manufactured, on the NBTS, on the screening of donors, on steps to limit the infection with hepatitis, and on heat-treatment of blood products.[18]

No one could doubt the sincerity of the efforts of those in the Department to protect and to assist the plaintiffs as patients in the National Health Service, but on the pleaded case grave errors of judgment were made. Even if there was no grave error of judgment it appears to be not in dispute that there was in fact a failure to protect the plaintiffs from the danger of using blood products, whether imported or supplied in this country, which were infected. (...)

Ralph Gibson L.J., HIV Haemophiliac Litigation, Court of Appeal, 20 September 1990[20]

The three appellate judges found for the plaintiffs and ordered the PII documents to be disclosed,[2] overturning the ruling of Rougier J of 31 July 1990[19] and at the same time, the cross-appeal by the Department of Health was dismissed.[21][20] Lord Justice Bingham recorded in the judgment that he felt "the tragedy was avoidable in the sense that, had different measures been taken in the 1970s and early 1980s, it could, at least in large measure, have been prevented."[22][23]

Out-of-court settlement

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On 26 June 1990, Mr Justice Ognall took the rare initiative of issuing a handwritten note imploring the parties to give anxious consideration to settling the action out of court.[24] He stressed the moral obligation and duty that fell on the UK government toward the HIV-infected haemophiliacs.[18] However, the judge's plea was resisted for several months by the Health Secretary, Mr Kenneth Clarke,[4] and was still being rebutted on 16 October 1990.[25] The Chief Medical Officer, Donald Acheson, was also keen for the government to settle the action.[26] The haemophiliac plaintiffs were developing AIDS and 130 infected haemophiliacs had already died by 9 November 1990.[27] The next month, the action was settled out-of-court by which time the number of plaintiffs on the roll of names[a] had risen to 1,217.[29]

It was reported on 4 February 2022 in the i newspaper that a Department of Health memo,[b] unearthed at the National Archives, revealed that senior government officials held the belief in 1995 that the government would have been found negligent and lost the HIV Haemophilia Litigation had the case gone to full trial.[31]

Deed of undertaking

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On settlement, the plaintiffs were required to sign a Deed of Undertaking, often referred to as a waiver, undertaking not to pursue any further legal action against the Department of Health or other defendants with respect to infection with any other viruses contracted through contaminated blood products. The waivers effectively served as an indemnity against future legal action against the Department of Health in relation to blood-borne viruses.[32] In 2003, The Guardian reported that the waivers prevented infected haemophiliacs and other plaintiffs from suing specifically if it "was later found that they had hepatitis C as well".[33]

The validity of the waivers has more recently been brought into question in the wording of the Group Litigation Order in Jason Evans & Others [2017], where at 1.4.[c] it's suggested that any undertakings given by the claimants in the HIV Haemophilia Litigation may not be binding upon the claimants, due to it now being deemed "unconscionable for the Defendant to rely upon such undertaking".[1]

The decision to implement the waivers was made during the course of the litigation by a high-powered[d] government committee, the Advisory Committee on the Virological Safety of Blood (ACVSB).[35][36] The use of the waivers has been described as controversial by the Haemophilia Society in their first written submission to the Archer Independent Inquiry because it was felt by many haemophiliacs that the government of the time was already aware of the true scale of infection with non-A non-B hepatitis (NANBH) in those who had been treated with blood products.[37]

During the course of a meeting of the AIDS Group of the Haemophilia Centre Directors held on 12 February 1990, a question was posed as to whether hepatitis was likely to become "another item for which haemophiliacs would seek litigation" and whether it was advisable for the Haemophilia Centre Directors to continue to collect data. Later in the same meeting, Dr Simpson confirmed that the Haemophilia Society should not be given hepatitis data.[38]

On 19 May 2022, The Daily Telegraph reported that during the HIV litigation, information had been withheld from litigants and that a requisite undertaking had been inserted into the legal proceedings which served to exclude future legal action if plaintiffs were later found to be infected with hepatitis C.[39]

Expert witnesses

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On 10 May 2022, oral evidence was given to the Infected Blood Inquiry by haematologist Dr Andrzej Rejman,[40] a former Senior Medical Officer from March 1989.[41] He admitted that the Department of Health had asked Health Authorities at the time to alter the reports of expert witnesses[e] called by the defendants in the HIV Haemophilia Litigation. These experts included the late Professor Arthur Bloom,[f] and according to Dr Rejman's testimony, this was done in order to tone down certain parts or change the emphasis.[47]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Archaic term for a list of names originating around the time of 1595-1605.[28]
  2. ^ National Archives file JA 607/302/1.[30]
  3. ^ Under "Common Issues", paragraph 1.4. states: "Whether any undertakings given by the Claimants or any of them, directly or indirectly, to the Defendant at any time arising out of the HIV Haemophilia Litigation or otherwise are binding upon the Claimants, and in all the circumstances whether it is unconscionable for the Defendant to rely upon such undertaking."[1]
  4. ^ A & Ors v National Blood Authority & Ors [2001] EWHC QB 446 (26 March 2001) at 11.[34]
  5. ^ According to Chapter 33 of the Krever Inquiry Report, the doctors who had treated haemophiliacs were not named as defendants in the litigation, but were instead asked to become witnesses in support of the government.[18] However, it is also known that certain haemophilia consultants became expert witnesses for the plaintiffs.[42]
  6. ^ Professor Arthur Bloom acted as an expert witness for the Health Authorities.[43] He was Personal Chair in haematology in Cardiff in 1976 and chair of the UK Haemophilia Centre Directors Organisation from 1979 to 1985.[44] He was also a senior member of the expert medical advisory panel to the Haemophilia Society and a member of the research and development committee of the Central Blood Laboratories Authority.[45][46]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Jason Evans & Others and Secretary of State for Health - Claim No. HQ17C3611" (PDF). 27 October 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022 – via Collins Law Solicitors. "HIV Haemophilia Litigation" refers to the case AMcG002 v Central Birmingham Health Authority (1), Coventry and District Health Authority (2), West Midlands Regional Health Authority (3), Oxfordshire Health Authority (4), Oxfordshire Regional Health Authority (5), The Attorney General on Behalf of the Committee on Safety of Medicines (6), The Attorney General on Behalf of the Licensing Authority Pursuant to the Medicines Act 1968 (7), Secretary of State for Health (8), Department of Health (9), North West Thames Regional Health Authority (10) and Central Blood Laboratories Authority (11); case reference 1989 E N. 2111.
  2. ^ a b c d "Re H.I.V Haemophiliac Litigation - Case Law". Court of Appeal (EWCA). 20 September 1990. VLEX 793542621. Retrieved 2 February 2022 – via VLEX Justis.
  3. ^ Dyer, Clare (12 December 1990). "Biggest injury deal disappoints Aids victims: Clare Dyer reports on the out-of-court settlement for HIV-infected haemophiliacs who will receive an average Pounds 35,000 each". The Guardian. London. Their lawyers argued that the Government was guilty of negligence and breach of statutory duty in importing contaminated supplies of the blood clotting product, Factor 8, from the US and allowing British-made Factor 8 to become infected with the virus.
  4. ^ a b Wheeler, Caroline (25 July 2021). "Ken Clarke rejected infected blood scandal advice". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 10 February 2022. The victims, who had taken a legal class action against the government...
  5. ^ Brazier, Margaret; Cave, Emma (2016). Medicine, patients and the law: Sixth edition. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781784991364.
  6. ^ Cronjé-Retief, Marésa (2021). Table of Cases. Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 9789004478152. Retrieved 1 February 2022. Re HIV Haemophiliac Litigation [1990] 140 NLJR 1349 (CA)
  7. ^ Fairgrieve, Duncan; Brooke, Michael (2005). In Product Liability in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781139448031. Near the end of the HHL, Mr Justice Ognall allowed the plaintiffs' lawyers to act in the forthcoming Hepatitis Litigation, using the knowledge acquired when acting in the HHL, particularly resulting from the disclosure provided by the various defendants.
  8. ^ a b Cronjé-Retief, Marésa (2021). The Legal Liability of Hospitals. Brill. p. 149. ISBN 9789004478152. The 962 plaintiffs brought action against, inter alia, the Department of Health, the licensing authority under Medicines Act 1968, the committee on the safety of medicines, all regional and district health authorities in England and Wales, and the central blood laboratories authority.
  9. ^ "100. Contaminated Blood Products Group Litigation". GOV.UK. Group litigation orders - HM Courts & Tribunals Service. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2022. 1.4. Whether any undertakings given by the Claimants or any of them, directly or indirectly, to the Defendant at any time arising out of the HIV Haemophilia Litigation or otherwise are binding upon the Claimants, and in all the circumstances whether it is unconscionable for the Defendant to rely upon such undertaking.
  10. ^ "HIV Haemophilia Litigation, The Main Settlement Agreement" (PDF). 24 April 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2022 – via taintedblood.info.
  11. ^ a b Roger Freeman, The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Health (13 November 1989). "Haemophiliacs (AIDS)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 153–159. Some 600 haemophiliacs with the AIDS virus are pursuing compensation through the courts. The Department of Health, the Medicines Licensing Authority, which comprises the United Kingdom Health Ministers, and the Committee on Safety of Medicines, which gives advice to the licensing authority, are among the defendants.
  12. ^ Shiranikha, Herbert (28 September 1990). "Law Report: Haemophiliacs to see health documents". The Guardian. London. p. 47. The plaintiffs claim damages for personal injuries which they allege were caused by the negligence and breach of statutory duty of the 220 defendants.
  13. ^ "Part IV: International Responses to the Risk of HIV in the Blood Supply" (PDF). Krever Report. p. 941. ...in April 1989 a number of hemophiliacs brought a civil action against the Department of Health, the Medicines Licensing Authority, the Committee on Safety of Medicines, the Blood Products Laboratory, and the regional health authorities.
  14. ^ "Haemophiliacs urged to sue". New Scientist. 7 July 1989. Retrieved 2 February 2022. Of 1200 haemophiliacs with HIV, only 300 have initiated claims for compensation.
  15. ^ Garfield, Simon (6 November 1995). The End of Innocence: Britain in the Time of AIDS. London: Faber and Faber. p. 212. ISBN 9780571153541. Towards the end of November 1989,... ...A hundred and sixty-three haemophiliacs had developed full-blown AIDS and 107 were dead.
  16. ^ a b "Blood, HIV, and compensation". British Medical Journal. 300:67 (6717): 67–68. 13 January 1990. doi:10.1136/bmj.300.6717.67. JSTOR 29706558. S2CID 220202226 – via JSTOR.
  17. ^ Brennan QC, Daniel; Jackson QC, Rupert; Brooke, Michael; Evans, Hugh (10 December 1990). HIV Haemophilia Litigation - Advice on Settlement. London: 2 Crown Office Row, Temple and 38 Essex Street, Temple. pp. 10–13. 18. The AIDS crisis. Secondly, we criticise the defendants for failing to react quickly to the AIDS crisis from 1982. We allege that they took an unjustifiably optimistic attitude to the epidemic, and in consequence failed to ban or restrict American blood products, or introduce heat-treatment of blood or testing of donors early enough, and neglected to take a number of other measures. The defendants say that the AIDS crisis happened very quickly, and that they took all the precautions that were reasonable at the time.
  18. ^ a b c d "Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada – Krever Report" (PDF). publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca. Final report - Volume 3. pp. 940–942. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  19. ^ a b Brahams, Diana (29 September 1990). "Confidential Documents in HIV/haemophilia Litigation". The Lancet. 336 (8718): 805. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)93260-V. PMID 1976159. S2CID 27983468 – via Repository Library (georgetown.edu). The 962 plaintiffs (most of them with haemophilia) seek damages for personal injuries allegedly caused by breach of a statutory duty under the National Health Service Act of 1977 and in negligence over HIV-contaminated factor VIII concentrate imported into the UK from the USA.
  20. ^ a b c "HIV Haemophiliac Litigation Court of Appeal (Ralph Gibson and Bingham L.JJ. and Sir John Megaw)". Sweet & Maxwell Limited. 2003. Retrieved 3 February 2022 – via TaintedBlood.info.
  21. ^ "Fighting for justice". The Scotsman. Scotland. 21 September 1990. The Appeal Court judges who yesterday ruled in favour of disclosure were clearly unimpressed by the Department of Health's arguments. Indeed, those who went to court must be encouraged by the view taken in the judgment that they appear to have "at least a good arguable case" of negligence.
  22. ^ "Haemophiliacs can see documents about Aids". The Courier and Advertiser. 21 September 1990.
  23. ^ Dyer, Clare (6 October 1990). "Justice versus equity for haemophiliacs with AIDS" (PDF). British Medical Journal. 301 (6755): 776. doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6755.776. PMC 1663931. PMID 2224262. The tragedy was avoidable," said Lord Justice Bingham, "in the sense that, had different measures been taken in the 1970s and early 1980s, it could, at least in large measure, have been prevented.
  24. ^ Ognall, Harry (26 June 1990). "Haemophilia / HIV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  25. ^ Fletcher, David (16 October 1990). "Haemophiliac case judge's plea snubbed by Clarke". The Telegraph. p. 2. File: JA 404/4 (MF/580/306) – via The National Archives (United Kingdom). A plea by Mr Justice Ognall that the Government should reach a speedy settlement with haemophilia sufferers who developed Aids because of NHS treatment with contaminated blood products was rejected by Mr Clarke, Health Secretary, last night.
  26. ^ "Part IV: International Responses to the Risk of HIV in the Blood Supply" (PDF). Krever Report. p. 942. Retrieved 9 February 2022. The chief medical officer also urged the Department of Health to settle the matter out of court.
  27. ^ Hall, Celia (9 November 1990). "Settlement for haemophiliacs 'rests in court'". The Independent. p. 2. File JA 404/4 (MF/580/306). – via The National Archives (United Kingdom). Of the infected haemophiliacs 208 have already developed Aids and 130 have died.
  28. ^ "Origin of list". dictionary.com. Retrieved 9 February 2022. First recorded in 1595–1605; special use of list2 (in the sense "roll of names," perhaps originally of contestants in the lists); ...
  29. ^ Gavin Strang (20 December 1991). "Infected Blood Transfusions". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 620–621. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Haemophilia patients and others with hepatitis C: compensation policy". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 1 January 1995. JA 607/302/1. Retrieved 3 June 2022 – via The National Archives. If ministers are having serious worries about the precedents caused by the HIV scheme there is an alternative handling option (which might also be worth thinking about if we ever need to consider compromising the current CJD litigation), and that is to admit that our legal case in the HIV Litigation was not 100% watertight. In other words, we could (at this distance in time) suggest that the government agreed to the HIV scheme not because there was anything special about that the plight of haemophiliacs, but on a straight calculation of the balance of risk that the court would in fact have found it negligent if the case had come to trial. This preserves the Government's stance on no-fault compensation, and clearly implies that every new claim has to be looked at on its legal merits.
  31. ^ Gallagher, Paul (4 February 2022). "Tainted blood scandal: Health officials thought victims would win court case, secret memo reveals". i. Retrieved 5 February 2022. ...If ministers are having serious worries about the precedents caused by the HIV scheme there is an alternative handling option… and that is to admit that our legal case in the HIV litigation was not 100% watertight. In other words we could suggest that the government agreed to the HIV scheme not because there was anything special about the plight of haemophiliacs, but on a straight calculation of the balance of risk that the court would in fact have found it negligent if the case had come to trial...
  32. ^ Caroline Flint, Minister of State for Public Health (14 May 2007). "Blood: Contamination". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 460. House of Commons. col. 572WA–575WA. Jenny Willott: To ask the Secretary of State for Health how many requests her Department has received for original copies of legal waivers signed by haemophiliacs undertaking not to take legal action against the Department or any other public body in respect of infection with HIV or hepatitis viruses as a result of infected blood products; how many such documents the Department has provided following those requests; and if she will make a statement. Caroline Flint: In the period April 2006 to March 2007 the Department received three requests for copies of waivers signed by haemophiliacs infected with HIV through blood products. The Department has been unable to satisfy these requests. There is no requirement for such waivers in relation to infection with hepatitis.
  33. ^ Meikle, James (21 January 2003). "Haemophiliacs 'duped' into tests". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2022. They also had to sign legal waivers under the Department of Health deal, promising they would not sue if it was later found that they had hepatitis C as well.
  34. ^ A & Ors v National Blood Authority & Ors, QB 446, 11 (EWHC 2001) ("Dr Gunson came away impressed, and reported back to the two high powered committees on which he sat, the UK Advisory Committee on Virological Safety of Blood ('ACVSB'), and the UK Advisory Committee on Transfusion Transmitted Diseases ('ACTTD'), of which latter he was the Chairman.").
  35. ^ Selby, Alan (27 September 2020). "Shred of Evidence; Fury at HIV blood scandal 'cover-up'". The People. London. p. 28. Retrieved 8 February 2022. The ACVSB had advised ministers to require victims to sign a waiver agreeing not to pursue the Government over hepatitis infections when applying for compensation.
  36. ^ Burgess, Kaya; Halle, Martyn (13 May 2019). "Bereaved families fear blood scandal cover-up by officials". The Times (London, England): 21. Retrieved 8 February 2022 – via Gale. It is also believed that the committee was responsible for suggesting that those who had been infected with HIV and wanted compensation should sign a waiver agreeing not to sue if they were later found to have contracted other viruses.
  37. ^ Haemophilia Society Submission to the Archer Independent Public Inquiry. The Haemophilia Society. 25 May 2007. p. 38. This waiver is controversial because many people with haemophilia believe that the Government knew at the time that non-A, non-B hepatitis was widespread in the haemophilia community. Many patients say they were tested in secret in the 1980s but not told of the results for up to a decade.
  38. ^ "Minutes of the Nineteenth Meeting of the AIDS Group of Haemophilia Centre Directors held at The Royal Free Hospital on 12th February 1990" (PDF). Penrose Inquiry. 12 February 1990. p. 3-4. LOT0034450. Retrieved 2 June 2022 – via penroseinquiry.org.uk.
  39. ^ McGoogan, Cara (19 May 2022). "Government 'pressured infected blood scandal victims to accept payout'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 19 May 2022. The news comes after the revelation last week that Dr Andrzej Rejman had hidden information from victims. Dr Rejman admitted to advising the Government to add a clause to the HIV litigation that would prevent people who later discovered they had been infected with hepatitis C from suing again.
  40. ^ "Oral Evidence - Dr Andrzej Rejman - London -10/05/2022". infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk. Infected Blood Inquiry. 10 May 2022. p. 37. Retrieved 2 June 2022. We could have obviously -- and I suspect we did -- say to the Health Authorities, "Look, we've read this expert witness report. We suggest that you ask Professor Bloom would he be prepared tone this bit down, tone that bit down, you know, change the emphasis or whatever", which is what we did with our expert witnesses if we thought they were going off tangent or whatever.
  41. ^ Rejman, Andrzej (26 March 2021). "WITN4486001 - Written Statement of Dr Andrzej Rejman" (PDF). infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk. Infected Blood Inquiry. p. 1. WITN4486001. Retrieved 2 June 2022. I make this statement because I was a Senior Medical Officer responsible for Haematology at the Department of Health commencing 1st March 1989. I stopped working in that role on 31 July 1997.
  42. ^ "Minutes of the Nineteenth Meeting of the AIDS Group of Haemophilia Centre Directors held at The Royal Free Hospital on 12th February 1990" (PDF). Penrose Inquiry. 12 February 1990. p. 1-3. LOT0034450. Retrieved 2 June 2022 – via penroseinquiry.org.uk. Dr. Savidge raised the point that one member of the AIDS Group was acting as an expert on behalf of the Plaintiffs' and wondered whether it was acceptable for him to take part in the Group's discussions on Litigation and the Defence of the main statement of claim... ...Dr. Aronstam said he was the person referred to... ...It was pointed out that Dr. Jones was acting for 5 Plaintiffs in Scotland.
  43. ^ "Oral Evidence - Dr Andrzej Rejman - London -10/05/2022". infectedbloodinquiry.org.uk. Infected Blood Inquiry. 10 May 2022. p. 35. Retrieved 2 June 2022. I think ultimately Professor Bloom prepared an expert witness statement which was actually for the Health Authorities, which they then shared with us.
  44. ^ Christie, D A; Tansey, E M (10 February 1998). Haemophilia: Recent History of Clinical Management (PDF). Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London. p. 73.
  45. ^ "Final Report: Chapter 12 - HIV/AIDS: Response and Clinical Practice". penroseinquiry.org.uk. 12.47. Professor Bloom was influential: he was Chairman of the Haemophilia Centre Directors, a senior member of the Society's own medical advisory panel and a member of the Central Blood Laboratories Authority (CBLA).
  46. ^ "Chapter 8 - HIV and AIDS". penroseinquiry.org.uk. 8.25. Professor Bloom, who was chairman of the Haemophilia Centre Directors, a senior member of the Society's own medical advisory panel and a member of the Central Blood Laboratories Authority, ...
  47. ^ Holmes, Wes (11 May 2022). "Government accused of 'Hillsborough cover-up' after court hears doctors were asked to 'tone down' reports of contaminated blood scandal which infected up to 30,000 patients with HIV and hepatitis". Blackpool Gazette. Retrieved 2 June 2022. Experts looking into the impact of the blood scandal, which saw up to 30,000 NHS patients infected with HIV and hepatitis through contaminated blood transfusions in the 1970s and 80s, were asked to 'tone down' their reports, a court has heard.
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