Hajichi (ハジチ, hajichi) are traditional tattoos worn on the hands of Ryukyuan (mainly Okinawan) women.[1][2]
Etymology
editThe term comes from Okinawan hajichi, literally "needle thrusting", in turn from Proto-Ryukyuan *pazuki < *pari-tuki (tone class C). Cognates in other Ryukyuan languages include Miyako (Tarama dialect) paitsïki and Yonaguni hadichi.[3]
History
editThe custom was first recorded in the 16th century but is believed to date back much further. The tattoos could represent pride in being a woman, beauty, and protection.[4] They were associated with rites of passage for women and could indicate marital status. The motifs and shapes varied from island to island. Among some peoples it was believed that women who lacked hajichi would risk suffering in the afterlife.[5]
After annexation
editThe tattoos were banned by the Meiji government in 1899, but the practice continued for many years.[6] The ban was mainly to crack down on indigenous Ryukyuan culture because it was deemed "primitive" by ethnic Yamato people.[7] American servicemen during World War II were taught that one could distinguish between some Okinawan women and mainland Japanese women through hajichi. Nonetheless the practise became less and less common over time and by the 1950s most young women in Okinawa rejected getting the traditional tattoos.[8]
By the early 21st century, tattoos were stigmatized in Japanese culture, and many Japanese associated them with the Yakuza.[4] However, there was a movement to revive the practice as a symbol of female empowerment and of their Ryukyuan cultural heritage.[4] Some people, concerned about the professional ramifications of permanent tattoos on their hands, turned to temporary Hajichi made using fruit-based inks. However, some traditionalists object to these practices.[4]
In 2020, an exhibition featuring pictures taken of hajichi was organized in Japan.[9]
Techniques
editTraditional techniques included hand-poking the skin with bamboo needles.[4]
Gallery
edit-
Hajichi from Okinawa -
Two types of Hajichi
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Exhibition traces history of Okinawa tattoo tradition that became a mark of shame". The Japan Times. September 20, 2019.
- ^ "Hajichi: The Powerful Female Tattooing Tradition of the Ryukyus – KANASA". www.kanasa.co.uk. 12 April 2020.
- ^ National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. "語彙詳細 - 日本の危機言語 (Detailed vocabulary - Endangered Languages of Japan)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Ye Hee Lee, Michelle; Mio Inuma, Julia (25 July 2022). "In Okinawa, a push to revive a lost tattoo art for women, by women". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ ""Irezumi": The Japanese Tattoo Unveiled". nippon.com. January 30, 2017.
- ^ "Photos show in prewar Okinawa, women earned for their families". The Asahi Shimbun.
- ^ Shimabukuro, Mira (February 18, 2020). "Okinawan Princess reclaims the power of a forbidden cultural practice in Okinawan culture".
- ^ McClellan, Lex (March 1, 2016). "Before the Tattoo Taboo". Medium. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
- ^ "The "Hajichi" photo exhibit in Tokyo memorializes forgotten traditional custom of tattooing among women in Okinawa".
External links
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