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The Halcones (Spanish: Falcons) were a Mexican paramilitary group created during the tail end of the 1960s and led by Colonel Manuel Díaz Escobar, the deputy director of the General Services of the Federal District Department. The group was responsible for the El Halconazo massacre on 10 June 1971, in which nearly 120 people were killed during a student demonstration in Mexico City.[1]
| Halcones | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Manuel Díaz Escobar |
| Dates of operation | 1966–1970 |
| Ideology | Anti-communism Conservatism |
| Political position | Far-right |
| Notable attacks | El Halconazo |
| Status | Dissolved |
Background
editThe Halcones was organized in September 1968 by the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), the then dominant Mexican political party.[2][3] It was considered a semi-official group, directly operating under government authority.[3] It was composed of youths, who formed combat squads trained for the violent suppression of student protesters.[2] They were trained in martial arts at the government's Escuela de Policia (Police Academy).[4] Around 1,500 cadets received this training and received stipends.
The inception of Halcones was part of the overall aim of PRI to counter and repress socialism and communism.[2]
Halconazo
editOn 10 June 1971, youth movements were in full swing as a reaction to a conflict in the University of Nuevo León.[5] Ten thousand students marched in Mexico City. The Halcones, which allegedly operated under the direction of Federal District officials, attacked the students with bamboo sticks, chains, and clubs, later attacking the students with M1 rifles, chasing them down through neighbouring houses, the Teachers' School (Normal de Maestros), nearby churches and even the Rubén Leñero Hospital, resulting to the injury and the death of at least 35.[5] A similar operation transpired on 4 November 1970, when members of the Halcones attacked students celebrating the victory of the Chilean socialist President Salvador Allende.[3] Echeverría denied that Halcones was sanctioned by the government, maintaining that it was a natural outgrowth of the opposition to the left.[3] However, the considerable number of journalists and photographers attacked on 10 June by the Halcones forced Echeverría to admit their existence; as a result, the regent of Mexico City, Alfonso Martínez Domínguez, resigned.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Castillo García, Gustavo (9 June 2008). "El halconazo, historia de represión, cinismo y mentiras se mantiene impune". La Jornada. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
- ^ a b c Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2020). Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-255898-5.
- ^ a b c d Green, W. John (2015). A History of Political Murder in Latin America: Killing the Messengers of Change. New York: SUNY Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4384-5665-2.
- ^ Carey, Elaine (2005). Plaza of Sacrifices: Gender, Power, and Terror in 1968 Mexico. Albuquerque: UNM Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-8263-3544-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Atilano, Tania Ixchel (2021). International Criminal Law in Mexico: National Legislation, State Practice and Effective Implementation. Berlin: Springer Nature. p. 157. ISBN 978-94-6265-454-9.
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