Prince Edward County (PEC) is a single-tier municipality in southern Ontario, Canada. Its coastline on Lake Ontario’s northeastern shore is known for Sandbanks Provincial Park, sand beaches, and limestone cliffs. The Regent Theatre, a restored Edwardian Opera House, sits at the heart of the town of Picton on the Bay of Quinte. Nearby Macaulay Heritage Park highlights local history through its 19th-century buildings. In 2016, Prince Edward County had a census population of 24,735. Prince Edward County is a single-tier municipality and a census division of the Canadian province of Ontario.
Prince Edward | |
|---|---|
| County of Prince Edward | |
 | |
| Coordinates: 44°00′N 77°15′W / 44.000°N 77.250°W | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Settled | 1792 |
| Incorporated | 1998 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Mayor | Steve Ferguson |
| • Federal riding | Bay of Quinte |
| • Prov. riding | Bay of Quinte |
| Area | |
| • Land | 1,050.45 km2 (405.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2016)[1] | |
• Total | 24,735 |
| • Density | 24.0/km2 (62/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Postal Code | K0K |
| Area code | 613 / 343 |
| Website | www.thecounty.ca |
History
editSettled by indigenous peoples, the county has significant archeological sites. These include the LeVescounte Mounds of the Point Peninsula complex people, built about 2000 years ago.
The county was created by Upper Canada's founding lieutenant-governor John Graves Simcoe on July 16, 1792.[2] It was named after Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (the fourth son of King George III and father of Queen Victoria) who was commander-in-chief of British North America.
Shortly after the American Revolution, the Crown made land grants to some of the earliest United Empire Loyalists to encourage their settlements in Ontario and provide compensation for property lost in the Thirteen Colonies. The county was originally composed of three townships named in honour of three of George III's daughters.
For many years Prince Edward County has been closely associated with the wholly mainland Hastings County. Its longtime militia unit has been The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment (locally known as the Hasty Ps), whose most famous member was Farley Mowat. This noted author wrote two books about his experiences with the Hasty Ps during the Second World War's Italian Campaign: The Regiment[3] and a subsequent account, And No Birds Sang.[4]
On January 1, 1998, the Town of Picton, the villages of Bloomfield and Wellington, and the townships of Ameliasburgh, Athol, Hallowell, Hillier, North Marysburgh, Sophiasburgh, and South Marysburgh amalgamated to form a new municipality with the official legal name of Prince Edward County.[5] Each of the former municipalities is now a ward.[citation needed]
Former municipalities
edit
The following are former municipalities:[6]
- Ameliasburgh, named after Princess Amelia, youngest daughter of George III
- Athol
- Bloomfield
- Hallowell, named after Captain Benjamin Hallowell (1723–1799)), eminent Loyalist, formerly of Boston. He was the father-in-law of Chief Justice John Elmsley.
- Hillier, organized in 1823, and named after Major George Hillier, military secretary to Sir Peregrine Maitland.
- North Marysburgh, surveyed in 1785 and settled by Loyalist veterans, some of Hessian birth. Named for Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, one of George III's daughters.
- Sophiasburgh, named for Princess Sophia, one of George III's daughters. Surveyed in 1785 and 1787, settled by Loyalists from Nova Scotia and the Mainland.
- South Marysburgh, also named for Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, one of George III's daughters.
- Picton, named for Sir Thomas Picton
- Wellington, named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
Geography
edit
Prince Edward County is located in Southern Ontario on a large irregular headland or littoral at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, just west of the head of the St. Lawrence River. This headland (officially named Prince Edward County in 1792[7]) is surrounded on the north and east by the Bay of Quinte. As the Murray Canal now connects the bay to Lake Ontario across the only land connection, the county is technically an island. Murray Canal is crossed by 2 swing bridges, the single lane county road 64 bridge and the two lane country road 33 bridge. Bay of Quinte is crossed by two, 2-lane bridges of about 850m length – one carrying Provincial Highway 62 near Belleville and the other about 24 km east carrying Provincial Highway 49 near Deseronto.
Climate
editThe county's relatively mild humid continental climate (Dfb) due to the influence of Lake Ontario has led to the establishment of about 50 vineyards and close to 30 wineries; as a result, Prince Edward County is one of Ontario's designated viticultural areas.[8] The lake effect from Lake Ontario results in heavier snowfall than in neighbouring counties. July is the hottest month and January is the coldest month.
| Climate data for Picton (1981−2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
34.5 (94.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2 (28) |
−1 (30) |
3.9 (39.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.4 (20.5) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.9 (12.4) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −36 (−33) |
−35.6 (−32.1) |
−27 (−17) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−33 (−27) |
−36 (−33) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 80.4 (3.17) |
77.1 (3.04) |
49.3 (1.94) |
84.4 (3.32) |
79.7 (3.14) |
74.3 (2.93) |
59.3 (2.33) |
76.3 (3.00) |
85.0 (3.35) |
80.9 (3.19) |
102.1 (4.02) |
94.4 (3.72) |
943.1 (37.13) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 23.4 (0.92) |
23.2 (0.91) |
33.8 (1.33) |
79.8 (3.14) |
79.7 (3.14) |
74.3 (2.93) |
59.3 (2.33) |
76.3 (3.00) |
85.0 (3.35) |
80.5 (3.17) |
96.8 (3.81) |
48.8 (1.92) |
760.7 (29.95) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 57.0 (22.4) |
53.9 (21.2) |
15.5 (6.1) |
4.6 (1.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.39 (0.15) |
5.4 (2.1) |
45.7 (18.0) |
182.4 (71.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 12.9 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 138.4 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3.4 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 10.4 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 11.9 | 6.2 | 107.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.0 | 8.1 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.23 | 1.6 | 7.5 | 32.9 |
| Source: Environment Canada[9] | |||||||||||||
Landscape
edit
Prince Edward County is a community encompassing approximately 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi), with over 500 kilometres (310 mi) of shoreline (including inland lakes and bordered by Lake Ontario) with beaches and limestone rich soil.
Communities
editPrince Edward County includes the population centres of Picton and Wellington and the communities of Albury, Ameliasburg, Bloomfield, Carrying Place, Cherry Valley, Consecon, Cressy, Demorestville, Fawcettville, Glenora, Hillier, Lake on the Mountain, Milford, Mountain View, Northport, Rednersville, Rosehall, Rossmore, Salmon Point, Sophiasburgh, Waupoos, Waupoos Island, West Lake, Woodrous, and Yerexville.
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 25,046 | — |
| 2001 | 24,901 | −0.6% |
| 2006 | 25,496 | +2.4% |
| 2011 | 25,258 | −0.9% |
| 2016 | 24,735 | −2.1% |
| 2021 | 25,704 | +3.9% |
| [10][11] | ||
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Prince Edward County had a population of 25,704 living in 11,332 of its 13,557 total private dwellings, a change of 3.9% from its 2016 population of 24,735. With a land area of 1,052.61 km2 (406.41 sq mi), it had a population density of 24.4/km2 (63.2/sq mi) in 2021.[12]
| 2021 | 2016 | 2011 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 25,704 (+3.9% from 2016) | 24,735 (−2.1% from 2011) | 25,258 (−0.9% from 2006) |
| Land area | 1,052.61 km2 (406.41 sq mi) | 1,050.49 km2 (405.60 sq mi) | 1,050.45 km2 (405.58 sq mi) |
| Population density | 24.4/km2 (63/sq mi) | 23.5/km2 (61/sq mi) | 24.0/km2 (62/sq mi) |
| Median age | 56.8 (M: 55.6, F: 57.6) | 54.5 (M: 53.8, F: 55.2) | 51.6 (M: 50.8, F: 52.2) |
| Private dwellings | 13,557 (total) | 12,899 (total) | 12,397 (total) |
| Median household income | $66,140 |
Attractions
editMusic festivals
editPrince Edward County is home to the Music at Port Milford Chamber Music Academy & Festival, Classical Unbound Festival, the PEC Jazz Festival, and the Prince Edward County Chamber Music Festival.
Music at Port Milford, established in 1987 is said to bring together promising young musicians for a chamber music summer camp and festival on the shores of South Bay. In the summer, PEC also hosts the Classical Unbound Festival, with performances of classical music in unconventional venues and contexts by Canadian musicians, and the Jazz Festival in the month of August. Some of Canada's most prolific jazz musicians gather in the county for this festival.
Vacationing
editPrince Edward County has become a vacation destination with Sandbanks Provincial Park,[18] and Ontario's newest VQA wine Appellation[19] as the twin centrepieces of the tourism industry. Hotels, motels and bed & breakfast accommodations are abundant.
Water activities
editPrince Edward County's main water attractions are said to be its white sand beaches. Together, Sandbanks Provincial Park, North Beach Provincial Park attract over 600,000 visitors yearly.[20] There are numerous campgrounds throughout the County which allow tourists to enjoy water-sports such as those offered through Westlake Wakeboarding School, kayaking, canoeing, tubing, and more.
Skateboarding and BMXing
editBeside the historic Crystal Palace is the County Youth Park. While the region is known for a large retirement community, young people come to the County to visit the skatepark and playground located in the corner of the Picton Fairgrounds property (which also holds the Picton Arena, the Prince Edward Curling Club & Crystal Palace).[21] For example, the YoungLife youth event "Road Rage" had teens of all ages visiting skateboard parks across Ontario and then entering their homemade skateboarding video into a contest; Picton was one of their stops.
Dining
editPrince Edward County in recent years has said to have become a top culinary destination, from the historic Black River Cheese Company which started operations in 1901 to the new LEED-certified, award-winning Fifth Town Artisan Cheese Factory.
The county held the annual Great Canadian Cheese Festival from 2010 through 2017. This festival, held at the Picton Fairgrounds in June, had cheese-makers from all across Canada who offered more than 125 artisan cheeses for tasting and purchase. The festival also included non-cheese related artisan foods such as breads and condiments, wine, cider and craft beer. It has been on hiatus since 2018.[22]
With an increasing number of cultural activities — in part due to the emigration of top artists and chefs to the area – like the "Taste" celebration or "Six Barrels for Six Chefs", the County has created a niche in the new Creative Economy. “It's yet another point of pride for Prince Edward County, which has become the gastronomic capital of Ontario — a fertile island bursting with vineyards, organic farms and a community of artists and chefs. Tucked into the "golden triangle" between Toronto, Montreal and Ottawa, it is the province's newest Designated Viticultural Area, which helps identify the origin of a wine and its grapes.” (The Globe and Mail)
Birding
editEvents also include the Spring Birding Festival;[23] Prince Edward County Authors' Festival; the County Jazz Festival, a summer event; the Prince Edward County Music Festival (a chamber music series) held on the same fall weekend as the Prince Edward County Studio and Gallery Tour; "Music at Port Milford," a summer music festival and school for string students from 12–18 years old, and an annual season of professional theatre produced by Festival Players of Prince Edward County.
Theatre
editOne of the few surviving art-deco movie houses in Ontario, Picton's downtown Regent Theatre, is host to a variety of plays, musicals and art movie screenings throughout the year. Prince Edward County has a live comedy scene with Taste That! producing regular improv and sketch comedy shows throughout the County since 2015, and the annual Comedy Country festival that pairs local acts with professional comedians from across Canada. Theatre companies include: the County Stage Company, Prince Edward Community Theatre and The Marysburgh Mummers.
Wineries, distilleries, and cider
editPrince Edward County is home to many wineries, distilleries, and hard-cider companies. These include; Amanda's Vineyards, Black Prince Winery, Broken Stone Winery, Chadsey's Cairns Winery, Cape Winyard, Casa-Dea Estates Winery, Closson Chase Winery, County Cider Company, Del-Gatto Estates Ltd. Devils Wishbone Winery, Domaine Darius, Exultet Estates, Grange of Prince Edward Estate Winery, Gravel Hill Vineyards, Half Moon Bay Winery, Harwood Estate Wineyard, Hillier Creek Estates, Hinterland Wine Company, Hubbs Creek Vineyard, Huff Estates Winery, Karlo Estates, Keint-he Winery & Vineyard, Lacey Estates Winery, Lighthall Vineyards, Norman Hardie Winery, Rosehall Run, Sandbanks Winery, Stanners Vineyard, Sugarbush Vineyard, Thirty Three Vines Winery, Three Dog Winery, Trail Estate Winery, Traynor Family Vineyard, and Waupoos Estates Winery and Vineyard.[24]
Sports
editHockey
editWellington Dukes, located in the village of Wellington, 15 kilometers west of Picton in Prince Edward County, are a prominent fixture in the II-tier league. Over the past twelve seasons, the Wellington Dukes consistently secure top positions in their league.
The Prince Edward Community Centre at 375 Main Street serves as the home arena for the Picton Pirates Junior C Hockey Team, known as the "Patcheyes."[25] The Picton Pirates, founded in 1989, participate in the Eastern Ontario Junior C Hockey League.
Picton claimed the 2011 Empire "B" Junior C Championship by defeating the Amherstview Jets 4–3 and the defending champions, Napanee Raiders, 4–2 in best-of-seven series. In 2013, the Pirates added to their legacy by winning the Ontario Hockey Association's Schmalz Cup, solidifying their Junior C supremacy in the province with a five-game victory over the Essex 73's.
Sailing
editPrince Edward County boasts over 500 kilometers of shoreline, offering numerous sheltered harbors and boating facilities. The region's rich sailing history is preserved at the Mariners Park Museum in South Marysburgh.[26] Additionally, Picton is home to the Archives and Collections Society which houses an extensive collection of documents related to the Great Lakes, maritime history, and navigation.[27]
The Prince Edward County Yacht Club, situated in Picton Harbour, offers a junior sailing program for youngsters aged 10–18, utilizing monohull dinghies for on-water instruction. The program is led by CYA certified instructors, and so successful participants receive CYA certificates.
For those seeking sailing adventures, County Sailing Adventures provides daily cruises departing from Waupoos Marina, offering access to some of the finest freshwater sailing grounds globally. Visitors can sail to the edge of the Marysburgh Vortex or anchor off Little Bluff for lunch and a refreshing swim.[28]
Government
edit
6miles
Edward
Bay
M A R Y S B U R G H
M A R Y S B U R G H
Despite the official name, Prince Edward is not a county by the standard Ontario definition. It is a single-tier municipal government and handles all municipal services. The former county seat and current council hall is located at the Shire Hall, in Picton. Officially, the area is the smallest single-tier municipality in Ontario and consists of the merged governments of the original county and the 10 former towns, villages and townships, that governed the area until 1997.
| Ward No. | Name |
|---|---|
| 1 | Picton |
| 2 | Bloomfield |
| 3 | Wellington |
| 4 | Ameliasburgh |
| 5 | Athol |
| 6 | Hallowell |
| 7 | Hillier |
| 8 | North Marysburgh |
| 9 | South Marysburgh |
| 10 | Sophiasburgh |
Education
editPost-secondary
editPrince Edward County is near top educational institutions in Kingston and Belleville including Queen’s University, the Royal Military College of Canada, St. Lawrence College and Loyalist College.
Primary and secondary
editThe Hastings and Prince Edward District School Board serves close to 17,000 students each day at 46 elementary and eight secondary schools. The district covers a wide geographical area of 7,221 square kilometers bordered by Maynooth to the north, Deseronto to the east, Prince Edward County to the south and Quinte West to the west.
The Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board serve students of the Roman Catholic faith. Approximately 15,000 students attend 36 elementary schools and 5 secondary schools in this school district
Sonrise Christian Academy is located at 58 Johnson St. in Picton and offers K–8 education from a Biblical worldview to families in Prince Edward County.
Albert College in nearby Belleville is attended by many Prince Edward County residents as it is a short bus ride away.
Previously the Prince Edward County Board of Education served the county.
Media
edit- Wellington Times (Every Wednesday)
- The Picton Gazette (Every Tuesday)
- The County Weekly News (Every Thursday)
- County Live
- LIFE AU LAIT Magazine (LIFEAULAIT.com)
- County Magazine (Quarterly)
Radio
edit| Frequency | Call Sign | Branding | Format | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM 99.3 | CJPE | 99.3 County FM | Country music | Prince Edward County Radio Corporation |
Emergency services
editThe county is served by 1 EMS station of Hastings-Quinte EMS. Policing is provided from the Ontario Provincial Police detachment located in Picton. The mainly-volunteer Prince Edward County Fire Department operates from ten fire stations located throughout the municipality.
Notable residents
edit- Guido Basso, flugelhornist
- J. D. Carpenter, author
- Gord Downie, lead singer The Tragically Hip is noted as saying during a concert in Belleville, Ontario that he has taken up occasional residence in the County.
- Fox sisters Catherine (called Kate) (1837-1892) and Margaretta (called Maggie) (1833-1893) Fox. Born and raised "in or near Consecon" where their father owned a farm. The family moved to Hydesville, New York in 1847.[30]
- Raymond Myers Gorssline, 12th Surgeon General of Canada
- Jamie Kennedy, chef and owner-operator of Jamie Kennedy Kitchens
- Janet Lunn, author
- John A. Macdonald, first Canadian Prime Minister, lived for three years at Glenora, where his father operated a grist mill. In 1833, Macdonald returned to the Picton area to take over a law practice from his ailing cousin, Lowther P. Macpherson, who was in ill-health. During his stay here, Macdonald became the first secretary of the Prince Edward Young Men’s Society in 1834 and served as secretary of the Prince Edward District School Board. The latter position constituted his earliest experience in the field of public administration.
- Kent Monkman, painter and visual artist[31]
- Al Purdy, poet who moved to Ameliasburgh in the 1950s.
- Bill Reddick, potter
- Justin Rutledge, singer-songwriter[32]
- Astrid Young, singer-songwriter[33]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Prince Edward County, City [Census subdivision], Ontario". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
- ^ Ltd, Stormy Weather SoftWare. "Research – Various". Aandc.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Farley Mowat, The Regiment, originally published 1955; re-printed 2016 by Dundurn Press.
- ^ Farley Mowat, And No Birds Sang (printed 1979, revised 2012).
- ^ Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status and Name From January 2, 1996 to January 1, 2001. Statistics Canada. January 2002. p. 220 of 419.
- ^ Province of Ontario — A History 1615 to 1927 by Jesse Edgar Middleton & Fred Landon, copyright 1927, Dominion Publishing Company, Toronto.
- ^ "The Evolution of the District and County System". Archived from the original on 2002-04-23.
- ^ Vintners Quality Alliance
- ^ "Picton". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 2020-07-17. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
- ^ Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006 census
- ^ Statistics Canada (8 February 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Wilmot, township [Census subdivision], Ontario and Waterloo, regional municipality [Census division]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
- ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
- ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
- ^ "Sandbanks Provincial Park". Canadian Geographic Magazine. March 1998. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015.
- ^ "VQA Ontario · The Appellations · Prince Edward County". Vqaontario.ca. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
- ^ "Park Statistics 2010" (PDF). Queen's Printer for Ontario. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015.
- ^ "Youth Park, Skateboarding & BMXing". Guide to Prince Edward County. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ^ "Tickets – The Great Canadian Cheese Festival". The Great Canadian Cheese Festival. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ "Spring Birding Festival". Peptbo.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-06-08. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Wineries Archive – Prince Edward County Wineries". Prince Edward County Wineries. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Picton Pirates Archived 2010-08-08 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Mariners Park Museum, Prince Edward County". Stormy.ca. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Naval Marine Archive – The Canadian Collection". Navalmarinearchive.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ "County Sailing Adventures (Picton) - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go".
- ^ Restructured municipalities – Ontario map #5 (Map). Restructuring Maps of Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. 2006. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
- ^ Weisberg, Barbara (2004). Talking to the Dead. San Francisco: Harper. p. 37. ISBN 0-06-075060-X.
- ^ "Why First Nations visual artist Kent Monkman is ready for the country | CBC Arts".
- ^ "Home". Justinrutledge.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "home". Astridyoung.net. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
External links
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