The Loki-Fögrufjöll (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlɔːcɪ-ˈfœɣrʏˌfjœtl̥] volcanic system;[2] also known as Hamarinn [ˈhaːmarɪn] after its central volcano or Lokahryggur [ˈlɔːkaˌr̥ɪkːʏr̥]) is a subglacial volcano under the Vatnajökull glacier.
| Loki-Fögrufjöll | |
|---|---|
| Hamarinn | |
  Loki-Fögrufjöll | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,573 m (5,161 ft)[1] |
| Listing | List of volcanoes in Iceland |
| Coordinates | 64°28′41″N 17°49′18″W / 64.478056°N 17.821710°W[1] |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Subglacial volcano |
| Last eruption | 1910 |
 Selected geological features near the Loki-Fögrufjöll (Hamarinn) central volcano and Bárðarbunga volcanic system (red outlines). Other shading shows: calderas, central volcanoes and fissure swarms, subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail. | |
The subglacial volcano is found within the Bárðarbunga fissure volcanic system, but is outside the caldera of Bárðarbunga itself.[3] Earthquake swarms associated with the volcano are separate in time and place from other swarms in the Bárðarbunga system.[2] The fissure swarm extending south-west towards Torfajökull has not had recent earthquakes or erupted in the Holocene.[2] A geothermally and seismically active ridge called Lokahryggur or the Loki Ridge,[2] extends eastward from Hamarinn under the ice to where in 1996 the Gjálp volcanic fissure erupted between Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn and produced a large jökulhlaup.[4][a]
The last confirmed eruption was in 1910 when tephra was erupted,[2] but the system may also have had subglacial eruptions in 1986, 1991,[7] 2006, 2008[8] and 2011.[9]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ This eruption is usually assigned to the Grímsvötn system.[5] Seismic studies under the ice cover suggest the eruption was at intersection of three areas of recent seismic activity; Lokahryggur, Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn.[4]: Figure 6. There was at the time of the 1996 eruption minimal seismic activity in the Lokahryggur region.[6]
References
edit- ^ a b "National Land Survey of Iceland (Kortasja):Hamarinn". Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Björnsson, H.; Einarsson, P. (1990). "Volcanoes beneath Vatnajökull, Iceland: Evidence from radio echo-sounding, earthquakes and jökulhlaups" (PDF). Jökull. 40: 147–168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.: 155
- ^ Larsen, Guðrún; Guðmundsson, Magnús T. (2019). "Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes:Bárðarbunga Alternative name: Veiðivötn". Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b Jakobsdóttir, S.S. (2008). "Seismicity in Iceland: 1994–2007" (PDF). Jökull. 58 (1): 75–100.: 87
- ^ "Catalogue of Icelandic volcanoes: Eruption Search". 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ Konstantinou, K.I.; Utami, I.W.; Giannopoulos, D; Sokos, E. (2019). "A reappraisal of seismicity recorded during the 1996 Gjálp eruption, Iceland, in light of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga–Holuhraun lateral dike intrusion". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 177 (6): 2579–2595. Bibcode:2019PApGe.177.2579K. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02387-x.
- ^ "Loki-Fögrufjöll Volcano, Iceland | John Seach". volcanolive.com.
- ^ [1] Iceland volcano and earthquake blog
- ^ Galeczka, I.; Eiriksdottir, E.S.; Hardardottir, J.; Oelkers, E.H.; Torssander, P.; Gislason, S.R. (2015). "The effect of the 2002 glacial flood on dissolved and suspended chemical fluxes in the Skaftá river, Iceland" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 301: 253–276. Bibcode:2015JVGR..301..253G. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.05.008. Retrieved 31 August 2020.[dead link]