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Han Chinese Eight Banners (Chinese: 漢軍八旗; pinyin: hànjūn bāqí, Manchu: ᡠᠵᡝᠨ
ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠ[1]: 96 ), sometimes translated as Han-martial Eight Banners,[2] were one of the three divisions in the Eight Banners of the Qing dynasty.[3]: 17 Members of the Han Chinese Eight Banners were originally Han Chinese living in the Liaodong (modern Liaoning) of Ming dynasty. During the transition from Ming to Qing, these people were conquered by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty. In 1631, Hong Taiji created the Han Chinese Eight Banners. Over time, other Han Chinese people who had surrendered to Qing dynasty joined the Han Chinese Eight Banners.[3]: 17–20
| Han Chinese Eight Banners | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 漢軍八旗 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 汉军八旗 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Хятад найман хошуу | ||||||||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||||||||
| Manchu script | ᡠᠵᡝᠨ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ ᡤᡡᠰᠠ | ||||||||||||
| Abkai | ujen qouhai gvsa | ||||||||||||
| Möllendorff | ujen coohai gūsa | ||||||||||||
The Han Chinese Eight Banners played an important role in Qing conquest of Ming. After that Qing dynasty started governing the whole China. After this period being admitted into the Han Chinese Eight Banners (Chinese: 擡旗) became an honor for ordinary Han Chinese people.[4]: 84
During the latter half of the 17th century, some members of the Han Chinese Eight Banners were required to leave it. This was known as "Hanjun Chuqi" in Chinese (Chinese: 漢軍出旗).[5]: 70
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ 傅波 (2005). 《赫图阿拉与满族姓氏家谱研究》. 辽宁民族出版社. ISBN 9787807220091.
- ^ Elliott, Mark C. “Bannerman and townsman: Ethnic tension in nineteenth-century Jiangnan,” Late Imperial China, 11, No. 1 (June 1990), pp. 36–74
- ^ a b 陈佳华; 傅克东 (1981). "《八旗汉军考略》". 《民族研究》 (5). 中国社会科学院民族研究所.
- ^ 谢景芳 (1986). "《清初八旗汉军的地位和作用》". 《求是学刊》 (3). 黑龙江大学.
- ^ 刘小萌 (2008). 《清代八旗子弟》. 辽宁民族出版社. ISBN 9787807225638.