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Hans Fritzsche

"Hans Fritsche" redirects here. For the German Wehrmacht officer, see List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients (F).

August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 – 27 September 1953)[1] was the Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) of Nazi Germany. He was the preeminent German broadcaster of his time, as part of efforts to present a more popular and entertaining side of the Nazi regime, and his voice was recognised by the majority of Germans.[1]

Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche in 1940
Personal details
Born(1900-04-21)21 April 1900
Bochum, Province of Westphalia, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died27 September 1953(1953-09-27) (aged 53)
Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany
NationalityGerman
Political partyNazi Party
Other political
affiliations		German National People's Party
SpouseHildegard Fritzsche
Alma materUniversity of Greifswald
Humboldt University of Berlin
OccupationMinisterialdirektor in the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda
ProfessionJournalist, Government Official
Military service
Allegiance German Empire
Branch/serviceImperial German Army
Years of service1917–1918
RankSoldat
Battles/warsWorld War I

Fritzsche was present in the Berlin Führerbunker during the last days of Adolf Hitler. After Hitler's death, he went over to the Soviet lines in Berlin to offer the surrender of the city to the Red Army on 1 May 1945. He was taken prisoner.

Biography

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Fritzsche was born in Bochum (a city in the Ruhr region) to a Prussian postal clerk. He volunteered in the German Army in 1917 as a private soldier,[2] and served in Flanders. After the war, he studied at the universities of Greifswald and Berlin, but did not pass his examinations.[3] In 1923 he joined the conservative German National People's Party headed by Alfred Hugenberg and also became a journalist for the Hugenberg Press, which promoted nationalistic opinions not very different from the Nazis.[2] In September 1932, he began his broadcasting career as head of the Drahtloser Dienst (the Wireless News service, a government agency), and started his first broadcast, a daily program called "Hans Fritzsche speaks" (Es spricht Hans Fritzsche).[4]

Following the Nazi seizure of power, the Wireless News service with Fritzsche as its head, was incorporated into Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry on 1 May 1933. Fritzsche joined the Nazi Party that same day.[3] He later joined the Sturmabteilung (SA). He also was made a member of the Academy for German Law.[5] In 1938, Fritzsche became head of the Press Division. In November 1942, he became head of the Radio Division. Fritzsche had no involvement in creating policy.[4] During the war, Fritzsche was Germany's most prominent radio commentator.[6]

In April 1945, he was present in the Berlin Führerbunker during the last days of Adolf Hitler and Goebbels. After Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945, Goebbels assumed Hitler's role as chancellor.[7] On 1 May, Goebbels completed his sole official act as chancellor. He dictated a letter to Soviet Army General Vasily Chuikov, requesting a temporary ceasefire and ordered German General Hans Krebs to deliver it. Chuikov commanded the Soviet forces in central Berlin.[8] After this was rejected, Goebbels decided that further efforts were futile.[9] Goebbels then launched into a tirade berating the generals, reminding them Hitler forbade them to surrender. Fritzsche left the room to try to take matters into his own hands. He went to his nearby office on Wilhelmplatz and wrote a surrender letter addressed to Soviet Marshall Georgy Zhukov. An angry and drunk General Wilhelm Burgdorf followed Fritzsche to his office.[10] There he asked Fritzsche if he intended to surrender Berlin. Fritzsche replied that he was going to do just that. Burgdorf shouted that Hitler had forbidden surrender and as a civilian he had no authority to do so. Burgdorf then pulled his pistol to shoot Fritzsche, but a radio technician knocked the gun and the bullet fired hit the ceiling. Several men then hustled Burgdorf out of the office and he returned to the bunker.[11] Fritzsche then left his office and went over to the Soviet lines and offered to surrender the city.[11]

Military tribunal

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17 October 1946 newsreel of Nuremberg Trials sentencing

Fritzsche was taken prisoner by Soviet Red Army soldiers. At first he was held prisoner in a basement and then sent to Moscow for interrogation at Lubyanka Prison where, according to his own account, three gold teeth were yanked from his mouth upon arrival. He was confined to a "standing coffin", a 3-square-foot (0.28 m2) cell where it was impossible to sleep, and placed on a bread and hot water diet. He eventually signed a confession.[12] Later, he wrote his account of Soviet prison while on trial at Nuremberg,[13] which was published in Switzerland.[12]

Fritzsche was sent to Nuremberg, and tried before the International Military Tribunal. He was charged with conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In his positions in the propaganda apparatus of the Nazi State, Fritzsche played a role to further the conspiracy to commit atrocities and to launch the war of aggression. According to journalist and author William L. Shirer, it was unclear to the attendees why he was charged. Shirer remarked that "no-one in the courtroom, including Fritzsche, seemed to know why he was there – he was too small a fry – unless it were as a ghost for Goebbels".[14] According to the IMT prosecution, he "incited and encouraged the commission of War Crimes by deliberately falsifying news to arouse in the German People those passions which led them to the commission of atrocities". Fritzsche was acquitted because the court was "not prepared to hold that [his broadcasts] were intended to incite the German people to commit atrocities on conquered peoples".[15] He was one of only three defendants to be acquitted at Nuremberg (along with Hjalmar Schacht and Franz von Papen).[16]

Nuremberg prosecutor Alexander Hardy later said that evidence not available to the prosecution at the time proved Fritzsche not only knew of the extermination of European Jews but also "played an important part in bringing [Nazi crimes] about," and would have resulted in his conviction and execution.[17] Fritzsche was later classified as Group I (Major Offenders) by a denazification court, which sentenced him nine years of hard labor in a labor camp.[17][18][19] He was released under an amnesty in September 1950. He married his second wife, Hildegard Springer, in 1950.[1] Fritzsche died of cancer in 1953. His wife committed suicide the same year.

Fritzsche, along with Albert Speer and Baldur von Schirach, were eventually communed by Lutheran Pastor Henry F. Gerecke and were administered the Eucharist.[20]

According to British intelligence, Fritzsche was part of the Naumann Circle in the early 1950s, a group of ex-Nazis who aimed to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party and eventually restore the Nazi state.[21]

Publications

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  • Fritzsche, Hans (1953). as told to Hildegard Springer-Fritzsche (ed.). The Sword in The Scales. Translated by Diana Pyke, Heinrich Fraenkel. London: Allan Wingate. Account of the Nuremberg trials.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Christopher H. Sterling: Encyclopedia of Radio. Routledge, 2003
  2. ^ a b Eugene Davidson: The Trial of the Germans. University of Missouri Press, 1997. [1]
  3. ^ a b Wistrich, Robert (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 85. ISBN 0-02-630600-X.
  4. ^ a b "Hans Fritzsche | German journalist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  5. ^ "Hans Fritzsche, 53, Hitler Radio Chief". New York Times. 29 September 1953. p. 29.
  6. ^ Gassert, Philipp (2001). ""This is Hans Fritzsche": A Nazi Broadcaster and His Audience". Journal of Radio Studies. 8: 81–103. doi:10.1207/s15506843jrs0801_8. S2CID 144590782.
  7. ^ Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography, pp. 949–950, 955.
  8. ^ Fest, Joachim (2004) [2002]. Inside Hitler's Bunker, pp. 135–137.
  9. ^ Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB, p. 324.
  10. ^ Fest (2004) [2002]. Inside Hitler's Bunker, p. 137.
  11. ^ a b Fest (2004) [2002]. Inside Hitler's Bunker, pp. 137–139.
  12. ^ a b "Why They Confess: The remarkable case of Hans Fritzsche", Konrad Heiden, Life Magazine, 20 June 1949, pp. 92–94, 96, 99–100, 102, 105. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
  13. ^ Hier spricht Hans Fritzsche, Zurich: Interverlag.
  14. ^ Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York City: Simon & Schuster.
  15. ^ Timmermann 2006, p. 828.
  16. ^ Fritzsche case for the defence at Nuremberg trials Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  17. ^ a b Gordon 2014, p. 579.
  18. ^ Timmermann 2006, p. 829.
  19. ^ Schmidt, Dana Adams (1947-02-01). "Germans Give Fritzsche 9 Years; Hitler Photographer Receives 10; Germans Give Fritzsche 9 Years; Hitler Photographer Receives 10". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  20. ^ Railton, Nicholas M. “Henry Gerecke and the Saints of Nuremberg.” Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, vol. 13, no. 1, 2000, pp. 112–137. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43750887. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021.
  21. ^ Fritzsche prüfte Werbekraft. In: Die Welt. 7. Februar 1953.

Sources

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Further reading

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