Hanun-Dagan (meaning "Dagan is merciful"),[1] was the Shakkanakku and king (Lugal) of Mari reigning c. 2016-2008 BC.[2] He was the brother of his predecessor Hitlal-Erra,[3] and is recorded as the son of Shakkanakku Puzur-Ishtar on a seal discovered in the city.[4] Although the title of Shakkanakku designated a military governor,[5] the title holders in Mari were independent monarchs,[6] and nominally under the vassalage of the Ur III dynasty.[7] Some Shakkanakkus used the royal title Lugal in their votive inscriptions, while using the title of Shakkanakku in their correspondence with the Ur's court,[8] and it is certain that Hanun-Dagan used the royal title.[9]
| Hanun-Dagan | |
|---|---|
| Shakkanakku and king of Mari | |
| Reign | c. 2016 – 2008 BC Middle Chronology |
| Predecessor | Hitlal-Erra |
| Shakkanakku and king of Mari | |
Hanun-Dagan was a contemporary of Ibbi-Sin of Ur,[10] and is credited with renovating the Royal Palace of Mari.[11] Unlike most of their predecessors who bore Akkadian names, both Hanun-Dagan and his brother Hitlal-Erra bore Amorite names,[12] and seals in Mari records Hitlal-Erra as a military official under Puzur-Ishtar, leading Piotr Michalowski to suspect a coup that deposed the family of Puzur-Ishtar and replaced it with Hanun-Dagan's family.[13] The succession of Shakkanakkus following Hanun-Dagan's reign is difficult to determine as the lists are full of gaps.[10]
Citations
edit- ^ Lluís Feliu (2003). The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria. p. 60. ISBN 9004131582.
- ^ Georges Roux (1992). Ancient Iraq. p. 690. ISBN 9780141938257.
- ^ Gwendolyn Leick (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. p. 86. ISBN 9781134787968.
- ^ Gwendolyn Leick (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. p. 67. ISBN 9781134787968.
- ^ Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (2002). Eblaitica vol.4. p. 64. ISBN 9781575060606.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. p. 451. ISBN 9781134159086.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 18. ISBN 9780191002922.
- ^ Cyrus Herzl Gordon; Gary Rendsburg; Nathan H. Winter (2002). Eblaitica vol.4. p. 132. ISBN 9781575060606.
- ^ Juan Oliva (2008). Textos para un historia política de Siria-Palestina I (in Spanish). p. 91. ISBN 9788446019497.
- ^ a b Douglas Frayne (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). p. 593. ISBN 9780802058737.
- ^ Harriet Crawford (2013). The Sumerian World. p. 987. ISBN 9781136219115.
- ^ Wolfgang Heimpel (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. p. 22. ISBN 9781575060804.
- ^ Piotr Michalowski (2004). 2000 v. Chr. Politische, wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Entwicklung im Zeichen einer Jahrtausendwende: 3. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 4.-7. April 2004 in Frankfurt/Main und Marburg/Lahn - The Ideological Foundations of the Ur III State. p. 233. ISBN 9783930843855.