Harold Hall "Doc" Keen OBE (1894–1973) was a British engineer who produced the engineering design, and oversaw the construction of, the British bombe, a codebreaking machine used in World War II to read German messages sent using the Enigma machine.[1] He was known as "Doc" Keen because of his habit of carrying tools and paperwork in a case resembling a doctor's bag. After the war he was awarded the O.B.E.[2]
Career before World War II
editKeen was born in the borough of Shoreditch in east London in 1894. By age 18 he had moved to Kentish Town and began studying Electrical Engineering. In 1912 he joined the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM), established to import and assemble American punched card technology. In 1916, Keen joined the Royal Flying Corps and was assigned to the ground staff of a bomber squadron in northern France. In 1919 he returned to BTM and married an Eva Burningham. In 1921, Keen moved with BTM to Letchworth in Hertfordshire. Two years later, he was appointed head of the Experimental Department, and his innovations there gained him the reputation as the leading British innovator of punched-card technology; Keen was granted more than sixty patents. In the 1930s he became Chief Engineer.[3]
World War II – British bombes
edit
A machine called the cryptologic bomb (Polish: bomba kryptologiczna) had been produced by the Polish codebreakers in their successful breaking of Enigma before 1939. It was, however, useful only as long as the Germans continued with particular weaknesses in operating procedure, which they gradually tightened up, so that the Polish success rate diminished dramatically. Alan Turing designed the British bombe on a more general principle, the assumption of the presence of text, called a crib, that cryptanalysts could predict was likely to be present at a defined point in the message. This technique is termed a known plaintext attack and had been used to a limited extent by the Poles, e.g., the Germans' use of "ANX" — German for "To," followed by "X" as a spacer.
As chief engineer at the British Tabulating Machine Company at Letchworth Keen was approached to turn these ideas into a working reality. The first bombe, which was based on Turing's original design, was installed in Hut 1 at Bletchley Park on 18 March 1940[5] and was named "Victory". The second bombe, named "Agnus dei", later shortened to "Agnes", or "Aggie", was equipped with an important additional feature, the diagonal board that had been designed by Gordon Welchman. It was installed on 8 August 1940; "Victory" was later returned to Letchworth to have a diagonal board fitted.[6]
During 1940, 178 messages were broken on the two machines, nearly all successfully. Because of the danger of bombes at Bletchley Park being lost if there were to be a bombing raid, five bombe outstations[7] were established, at Adstock, Gayhurst, Wavendon, Stanmore, and Eastcote.[8] The bombe was referred to by Group Captain Winterbotham as a "Bronze Goddess" because of its colour.[9] The devices were more prosaically described by operators as being "like great big metal bookcases".[10]
See also
edit- Cryptanalysis of the Enigma — detailing the part played by Harold Keen
- Ultra (cryptography) — detailing the intelligence gained from cryptanalysis of the Enigma and cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
- Joseph Desch — the research director of the project to design and manufacture the US Navy version of the Bombe
Notes
edit- ^ Keen 2012
- ^ Keen 2012, p. 64
- ^ Keen 2012, pp. 9–14
- ^ Harper, John (2008), The British Bombe: The Rebuild Project, archived from the original on 16 May 2016, retrieved 11 July 2011
- ^ Hinsley, Ransom & Knight 1988, p. 954
- ^ "Outstations - A Brief History", Bletchley Park Jewels, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ "Outstations from the Park", Bletchley Park Jewels, archived from the original on 13 December 2009, retrieved 16 April 2010
- ^ Toms, Susan (2005), Enigma and the Eastcote connection, archived from the original on 4 December 2008, retrieved 16 April 2010
- ^ Winterbotham 2001, p. 15
- ^ Mary Stewart, 'Bombe' Operator, interviewed in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", UKTV History Channel documentary series "Heroes of World War II", 2003
References
edit- Hinsley, F.H.; Ransom, C.F.G.; Knight, R.C.C. (1988), British Intelligence in the Second World War: Volume 3, Part 2: v. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-35196-6
- Keen, John (2012) [2003], Harold 'Doc' Keen and the Bletchley Park BOMBE (2 ed.), Kidderminster, England: M. & M. Baldwin, ISBN 978-0-947712-48-8
- Winterbotham, F.W. (2001) [1974], The ULTRA Secret, Orion Books Ltd, ISBN 0-7528-3751-6
- CANTAB: BTM - British Tabulating Machine Company Ltd., archived from the original on 1 December 2010, retrieved 23 January 2010