The Harshmanites, or the Church of Jesus Christ, is a small Christian sect of the Holiness movement in Illinois, United States that believes in pacifism. A tenet of the church is that force should not be used, even in self-defense.[1] It numbers approximately 100 members.
| Founder | |
|---|---|
| Reverend S.R. Harshman | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Illinois, United States | |
| Religions | |
| Christianity | |
| Scriptures | |
| Christian Bible | |
| Languages | |
| English |
Foundation
editThe church was founded in 1871. The Reverend Samuel Rufus Harshman (November 30, 1841 – January 9, 1912), who organized the church, had a dairy herd and ran a delivery wagon in Sullivan, Illinois to supply fresh milk for 5 cents a quart.[2] Harshman was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but did not believe the Methodist church was sufficiently pacifist. For this reason, he founded a separate church.[3] One of the church's basic principles is to follow Christ's command to "love thy neighbor as thyself," which it interprets as prohibiting violence.[4]
History
editDuring World War I, there was so much hostility to the church that its members could not find jobs. Some of them formed a small factory, employing church and non-church workers, that made ladies' aprons, candy, and later branched into garden tractors and tools.[5] One night the Harshmanite church was painted yellow, a reference to cowardice. An 82-year-old assistant minister was knocked down. However, the Harshmanites would not prosecute on the basis that such an undertaking was proscribed by the biblical statement: "Vengeance is mine, saith the Lord".[6][3]
In response to the depression of the 1930s, the church members felt that Federal relief projects would not bring lasting prosperity. They expanded their "Community Industries" as a way to provide employment.[2] During World War II the candy operation was unable to obtain sugar unless it agreed to sell some of its products to the armed forces, and a small amount was sold to the Air Force to be including in emergency survivor kits. The church also sold ladies dresses for use by women in the Armed Forces.[5] For these reasons, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit decided on 9 December 1954 that the church had contributed to the war effort and its members could therefore not be considered conscientious objectors.[5] This was later reversed, and members of the church who refused induction into the armed forces were again treated as Conscientious Objectors.[7]
In 1955 a member of the church declined to use the word "solemnly" in affirming to tell the truth in court. The court refused his testimony. However, an appeals court found that he was not required to use this word, or any particular form of oath, but only "a form or statement which impresses upon the mind and conscience of a witness the necessity for telling the truth."[8]
Community Industries achieved no small measure of success for a time. In 1964 it had assets of approximately $3,800,000.00 and about 400 employees. Following losses suffered in the recession of 1957-58, however, its business declined, and after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1966, it was subsequently dissolved.[9] Some of its divisions apparently continued operations under new names or ownership, such as Agri-Fab, Inc..[citation needed]
References
editCitations
- ^ Political Science Program 1970, p. 303.
- ^ a b Moultrie County Historical and Genealogical Society 1973.
- ^ a b Heisler & Heisler 1983, p. 179.
- ^ Law Review Digest 1957, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Neila a. Autenrieth.
- ^ Romans 12:19
- ^ Conscientious Objection to War.
- ^ Winter 1969, p. 5.
- ^ First National Bank of Decatur ... 16 March 1970.
Sources
- "Conscientious Objection to War". Civil Liberties Docket. VIII (1): 120. November 1962. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Hastings (June 1, 1970). "The FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF DECATUR v. INSURANCE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA". United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Heisler, Francis; Heisler, Friedy B. (1983). CIVIL LIBERTIES, MENTAL HEALTH, AND THE PURSUIT OF PEACE. University of California Berkeley. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Law Review Digest. Kimball-Clark Publishing Company. 1957. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Moultrie County Historical and Genealogical Society (June 1973). "EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY INDUSTRIES". Century I, Notes on Sullivan, Illinois. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- "Neila a. Autenrieth, et al. vs. United States of America" (PDF). August 1968. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Political Science Program (1970). Comparative Politics. City University of New York. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- Winter (December 12, 1969). "UNITED STATES of America v. Robert Lee LOOPER". United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- "First National Bank of Decatur v. Insurance Company of North America". United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. March 16, 1970.