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Heavy-lift launch vehicle

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A heavy-lift launch vehicle (HLV) is an orbital launch vehicle capable of generating a large amount of lift to reach its intended orbit. Heavy-lift launch vehicles generally are capable of lifting payloads between 20,000 to 50,000 kg (44,000 to 110,000 lb) (by NASA classification) or between 20,000 to 100,000 kilograms (44,000 to 220,000 lb) (by Russian classification)[1] into low Earth orbit (LEO).[2] As of 2024, operational heavy-lift launch vehicles include the Long March 5 and the Proton-M.[3]

Class overview
NameHeavy-lift launch vehicle
Preceded byMedium-lift launch vehicle
Succeeded bySuper heavy-lift launch vehicle
BuiltSince 1966
General characteristics
Capacity20,000 to 50,000 kg (44,000 to 110,000 lb)

In addition, the Angara A5, the Falcon 9 Block 5, the Falcon Heavy, the Vulcan Centaur, Ariane 6, and New Glenn are designed to provide heavy-lift capabilities in at least some configurations but have not yet been proven to carry a 20-tonne payload into LEO. Several other heavy-lift rockets are in development. An HLV is between medium-lift launch vehicles and super heavy-lift launch vehicles.

Rated launch vehicles

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Operational

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to LEO (kg) Heaviest launch (kg) Launches First flight
...to LEO or MEO ...to GTO or GSO ...to HEO and beyond
Long March 5/5B   China CALT 25,000[4] 23,200[5] 14,000[6] 8,350 to Moon[7] 12 2016
Proton-M   Russia Khrunichev 23,000[8] 23,200[9] 6,740[10] 3,755 to Mars[11] 115 2001
Angara A5   Russia Khrunichev
KBKhA 		24,500[12][a] — 2,400[13] — 4 2014
Falcon 9[b]   United States SpaceX 22,800[14][c] 17,400[15] 7,076[16] 1,108 to HCO 18[d] 2015 (Falcon 9 FT)[e]
Falcon Heavy[f]   United States SpaceX 38,000+[17][g] 3,700 6,465[18][h] 5,900 to Jupiter[19][i] 11[j] 2018
Vulcan Centaur   United States ULA 25,000[20] — — 1,283 to Moon[21] 2 2024

Under development

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to LEO (kg) Expected flight
New Glenn[22]   United States Blue Origin 45,000[23] 2024[24]
Ariane 6 (A64)   France
  Europe[k] 		ArianeGroup 21,650[25] 2025
HLV   India ISRO 20,000 TBD
SHLV   India ISRO 41,300[26] TBD
Zhuque-3   China LandSpace 21,000[27] 2025
Gravity-2   China Orienspace 25,600[28] 2025
Terran R   United States Relativity Space 33,500 2026[29]
Angara-A5V   Russia Khrunichev, Polyot 38,000 2027
H3 Heavy   Japan Mitsubishi 28,300[30] 2030

Retired

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Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to LEO (kg) Heaviest launch (kg) Launches First flight Last Flight
...to LEO or MEO ...to GTO or GSO ...to HEO and beyond
Saturn IB   United States Chrysler & Douglas 21,000 20,847 — — 9 1966 1975
Proton-K   Soviet Union
  Russia 		Khrunichev 19,760[31] 22,776 4,723 6,220 4[32][l] 1967 2012
Space Shuttle   United States USA 24,400[m][33] 22,753 — — 135 1981 2011
Titan IV   United States Lockheed Martin 21,680[34] Classified[n][o] Classified[n] 5,712 to Saturn[p] 39 1989 2005
Ariane 5 ECA/ES   France
  Europe[q] 		Ariane Group 21,000[36] 20,293[37] 11,210[38] 6,161.4 to Sun-Earth L2[39] 92 2002 2023
Delta IV Heavy   United States ULA 28,790[40] 21,000[41][r] Classified[n] 685 to heliocentric orbit 16 2004 2024

Notes

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  1. ^ from Vostochny cosmodrome
  2. ^ Only when the first stage is expended. In reusable configuration, Falcon 9 is classified as a medium-lift launch vehicle
  3. ^ in expendable configuration
  4. ^ 18 expendable launches for Full Thrust and Block 5 versions, meeting the capacity requirement of a heavy-lift vehicle
  5. ^ The first Falcon 9 v1.0 launched in 2010; however, versions prior to Falcon 9 Full Thrust were not capable of lifting payloads over 20,000kg
  6. ^ When all cores are recovered. When the center core is expended, Falcon Heavy is classified as a super heavy-lift launch vehicle with a theoretical payload to LEO over 50,000 kg
  7. ^ Depending on booster recovery configuration
  8. ^ to 90,000-km supersynchronous GTO
  9. ^ Falcon Heavy launched Europa Clipper to heliocentric orbit in expendable configuration. Europa Clipper will utilize gravity assists to reach Jovian orbit.
  10. ^ 8 of these launches were in at least partially expendable configurations, rating the vehicle as super heavy for those launches
  11. ^ The lead manufacturer is from France, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in Germany, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland and Sweden.
  12. ^ Proton K launched 310 times, with 4 launches over 20,000 kg
  13. ^ excluding orbiter weight
  14. ^ a b c Actual payloads flown are classified under the NRO launch program.
  15. ^ KH-11 launches had 19,600 kg[35]
  16. ^ Cassini-Huygens was launched to heliocentric orbit and used gravity assists to reach Saturn.
  17. ^ The lead manufacturer is from France, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based across Europe.
  18. ^ The officially reported mass of 21,000 kg includes the Launch Abort System (LAS) which did not reach orbit, but excludes the residual mass of the upper stage, which did reach orbit, likely offsetting the mass of the LAS.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Osipov, Yuri (2004–2017). Great Russian Encyclopedia. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  2. ^ NASA Space Technology Roadmaps – Launch Propulsion Systems, p.11 Archived 24 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
  3. ^ May, Sandra (27 August 2014). "What Is a Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle?". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  4. ^ "Long March 5B launch clears path for Chinese space station project". SpaceNews.com. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  5. ^ "长五B火箭打赢空间站建造关键之战" (in Simplified Chinese). 新华网. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  6. ^ Andrew Jones (15 December 2023). "China launches large classified optical satellite towards geostationary orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
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  13. ^ "The cargo was delivered to orbit: the launch of the "Angara" was carried out in the normal mode. (In Russian)". Vesti.ru. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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  16. ^ Stephen Clark (21 July 2018). "Record-setting commercial satellite awaits blastoff from Cape Canaveral". Spaceflight Now.
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  24. ^ Foust, Jeff [@jeff_foust] (24 April 2024). "For what it's worth: a NASA presentation at a COSPAR planetary protection meeting this morning listed a Sept. 29 launch date for ESCAPADE, the Mars orbiter smallsat mission flying on Blue Origin's New Glenn" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  25. ^ Lagier, Roland (March 2018). "Ariane 6 User's Manual Issue 1 Revision 0" (PDF). Arianespace. p. 46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  26. ^ "ULV". www.b14643.de. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  27. ^ Jones, Andrew (19 January 2024). "China's Landspace conducts first VTVL test for reusable stainless steel rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  28. ^ Jones, Andrew (11 January 2024). "Orienspace breaks Chinese commercial launch records with Gravity-1 solid rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  29. ^ Berger, Eric (12 April 2023). "Relativity Space is moving on from the Terran 1 rocket to something much bigger". Ars Technica. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries mulls upgraded H3 rocket variants for lunar missions". SpaceNews. 25 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
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  32. ^ "Proton Data Sheet". www.spacelaunchreport.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  34. ^ astronautix.com, Titan IV Archived 18 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Carmona, Camps; José, Adriano (12 November 2019). "Nanosatellites and applications to commercial and scientific missions". Satellites Missions and Technologies for Geosciences. doi:10.5772/intechopen.90039. ISBN 978-1-78985-995-9. S2CID 209187371. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
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