Hebron (Nunatsiavummiutitut: Kangerdluksoak,[1] Kangikluksoak[2] or Kangertluksoak[3])[4] was a Moravian mission and the northernmost settlement in Labrador. The traditional Nunatsiavummiutitut name for the area means "the Great Bay".[4] Founded in 1831, the mission disbanded in 1959. The Inuk Abraham Ulrikab and his family, exhibited in human zoos in Europe in 1880, were from Hebron.[5][6]
Climate
editHebron has a polar tundra climate (Köppen: ET).[7] The site has an unusual sub-type of arctic (tundra) climate, characterized by relatively high average annual precipitation 798 mm (31.4 in) with half the precipitation occurring during the six coldest months (51% of the total falling from October through March). January, for example, averages -21 °C (-6 °F) and has 81 mm (3.2 in) of water-equivalent precipitation on average, perhaps the most humid air at that temperature experienced anywhere on earth.
| Climate data for Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.1 (−6.0) |
−20.4 (−4.7) |
−15 (5) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−15 (5) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 81 (3.2) |
56 (2.2) |
79 (3.1) |
43 (1.7) |
47 (1.9) |
65 (2.6) |
84 (3.3) |
70 (2.8) |
81 (3.2) |
52 (2.0) |
63 (2.5) |
77 (3.0) |
798 (31.4) |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 8.1 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 15.2 | 17.8 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 16 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 13.2 |
| Source 1: [8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: [7] | |||||||||||||
Wildlife
editThe area features numerous fauna such as harp seals, ringed seals, bearded seals, walruses, beluga whales, polar bears, red foxes, otters, caribou, black bears, Arctic hare, Arctic char, cod, geese, eiders, mergansers, loons and harlequin ducks.[4][9]
History
edit
Prior to European contact, Inuit from different regions used Hebron as a meeting place.[2][4] It is used mainly as hunting and fishing grounds.
Moravians began establishing missions in Labrador in 1771. The first was located at Nain. The Moravians sought to evangelize the Inuit in Labrador.
Mission work started at Hebron in 1818,[1] a site located about 200 km (120 mi) north of Nain. It wasn't until 1827 that a small blockhouse was built as a seasonal outpost for missionaries.[2] In 1831, temporary quarters having been completed, the first permanent missionaries were appointed to Hebron.[2] The construction of the 53-meter-long, ten-metre-wide and one-storey-high building needed to house the church, the missionaries’ quarters and storage was started in spring 1835 and completed in October 1837.[2][10] That building still dominates Hebron’s landscape.
Inuit living in Hebron primarily relied on traditional subsistence activities. They lived in sod houses constructed with whalebone or wooden frame and seal-gut window.[4][3]
Life was hard at the settlement. Epidemics of whooping cough, influenza and smallpox ran through the community periodically. Between mid-1800s and early 1900s, the population in Hebron stayed at about 200 to 250 Inuit.[2][4] In 1918, Moravian missionaries brought an outbreak of Spanish influenza that devastated Hebron and Okak.[11] Approximately 86 of Hebron's 100 residents died.[12] The flu epidemic of 1918 was believed to have wiped out a third of the 1,200-member Inuit population of Labrador.[13]
In July 1943, US Army received permission from the Newfoundland government to secretly construct a weather station to improve Allies' weather forecasting in North Atlantic and Arctic oceans during WWII. The American soldiers stationed at Hebron also kept watch on the Moravian missionaries who were suspected of being sympathetic towards Germany.[14] While the secret US weather station operated until February 1946, the existence of this station was made public in 2017 through the publication of a book.[4][14]
Abandonment
editIn 1955, a member of the International Grenfell Association, an organization dedicated to the health and welfare of residents of Newfoundland and Labrador, wrote to the Government of Canada expressing concern about cramped living conditions at Hebron that had led to tuberculosis and a shortage of firewood.
After consultation with Moravian leaders, the decision was made to close the mission. The Inuit would be resettled into larger communities. "I see no other way than to suggest the Mission withdraw from Hebron this summer," said the Rev. Siegfried Hettasch.[15] By April 1959, there were 58 families at Hebron. The decision was announced at an Easter Monday service in 1959.[9] There was no consultation with community members.
By the fall of that year, half of the families had moved on their own. The remainder left soon after the Grenfell nurse was withdrawn and the community store closed in the fall of 1959. The relocation broke up extended families to different communities. Most were sent to Hopedale, Makkovik or Nain.[2] Houses were not ready when the relocatees arrived. When the accommodations were finally built, they were clustered in “little Hebron” villages, on the edges of the existing communities, reinforcing the isolation many Hebron Inuit already felt.[2]
A report written for the Canadian Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples said the forced relocation led to poverty for several of the Inuit. "They were put in places where they weren't familiar with the local environment so they didn't know where to hunt, fish or trap and aside from that, all of the best places were already claimed by people who originally lived in those communities," said the report's author, Carol Brice-Bennett.[15][2]
Aftermath
edit
The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1976.[16] It is frequently visited by cruise ships.
The buildings of the original mission still stand. The main mission building has been undergoing renovation by Inuit volunteers and hired carpenters, who are relocatees or their descendants, organized by Nunatsiavut government and are in reasonably good condition considering the passage of time.
In August 1999, a first reunion of the relocatees was held in Hebron. [17]
In 2005, Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams apologized to Inuit affected by the relocations of Hebron and Nutak.[18][19][20] In August 2009, the provincial government unveiled a monument at the site of Hebron with an inscribed apology for the site closure.[21][22]
In May 2024, the Arctic Inspiration Prize awarded $298,000 to the Hebron and Nutak Reunions to provide an opportunity for the remaining able-bodied evictees to return to their homeland together at Hebron and Nutak/Okkak Bay in the summer of 2024.[23]
References
edit- ^ a b Jarvis, Dale Gilbert. Exploring God's Acre: The Moravian Church Mission Graveyard at Hebron, Labrador. p. 93
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Carol Brice-Bennett, Dispossessed. The Eviction of Inuit from Hebron, Labrador. Montréal:Imaginaire | Nord, “Isberg” series, 2017. pp. 3, 13-15
- ^ a b Loring, Stephen and Beatrix Arendt. 2009. « ... They Gave Hebron, the City of Refuge... (Joshua 21:13): an Archeological Reconnaissance at Hebron, Labrador ». p. 35
- ^ a b c d e f g Rivet, France (2019-11-18). "Hebron Mission National Historic Site of Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ Rivet, France (2019-09-08). "Abraham Ulrikab". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
- ^ "Remains of Abraham Ulrikab may be returned to Labrador | CBC News".
- ^ a b "Hebron, Newfoundland and Labrador Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
- ^ "HEBRON CANADA, Weather History and Climate Data". www.worldclimate.com. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
- ^ a b Brice-Bennett, Carol. Our Footprints are Everywhere: Inuit Land Use and Occupancy in Labrador., Labrador Inuit Association, 1977. pp. 109, 189-190
- ^ The Founding of Hebron: The arrival of missionaries and the expansion to the north: disease, trade and conversion. In Kinatuinamut Ilingajuk. Fall 1999. pp. 8-12.
- ^ "The Labrador pandemic of 1918". 20 March 2020.
- ^ "The 1918 Spanish Flu".
- ^ "Labrador History". HVBG.net; Them Days. Archived from the original on 2004-12-23.
- ^ a b Enerson Junker, Rozanne. Renatus’ Kayak : A Labrador Inuk, an American G.I. and a Secret WWII Weather Station. pp. 10-11 and afterword
- ^ a b Green, Julie (September 3, 1998). "The dispossession of the Hebronimiut". Nunatsiaq.com. Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Archived from the original on 9 March 2001. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ Hebron Mission. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ^ Brice-Bennett, Carol, 2000 : Reconciling With Memories: A Record of the Reunion at Hebron 40 Years After Relocation. Labrador Inuit Association, Nain.
- ^ "Labrador's Inuit cheer land agreement". CBC news. January 22, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ "Inuit mark 50th anniversary of Labrador resettlement". CBC News. August 12, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ "Ceremony to mark forced relocation of Inuit village". CBC News. Aug 15, 2012. Retrieved Oct 16, 2020.
- ^ "Memorial to Former Residents of Hebron Unveiled" (Press release). Executive Council, Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs, Tourism, Culture and Recreation. August 10, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- ^ "Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument". CBC News. July 24, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ "Over $3.2 million awarded to ten teams across the North". Arctic Inspiration Prize. May 8, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
External links
edit- Hebron Mission, National Historic Site of Canada
- History of Labrador
- The Inuit Archived 2005-12-01 at the Wayback Machine at Memorial University of Newfoundland
- Relocated Labrador Inuit to get apology monument, CBC News, 2009-07-24
- Monument unveiled to commemorate apology to Labrador Inuit, The Telegram, 2012-08-15
- Travelling back in time to Moravian Mission in Hebron, NTV, 2014-11-03
- Inventory of Moravian Mission Records at Dartmouth College Library
- William Whiteley Inventory of the Moravian Mission in Labrador at Dartmouth College Library