The helium trimer (or trihelium) is a weakly bound molecule consisting of three helium atoms. Van der Waals forces link the atoms together. The combination of three atoms is much more stable than the two-atom helium dimer. The three-atom combination of helium-4 atoms is an Efimov state.[1][2] Helium-3 is predicted to form a trimer, although ground state dimers containing helium-3 are completely unstable.[3]
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| Other names
trihelium
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| He3 | |
| Molar mass | 12.007806 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Helium trimer molecules have been produced by expanding cold helium gas from a nozzle into a vacuum chamber. Such a set up also produces the helium dimer and other helium atom clusters. The existence of the molecule was proven by matter wave diffraction through a diffraction grating.[4] Properties of the molecules can be discovered by Coulomb explosion imaging.[4] In this process, a laser ionizes all three atoms simultaneously, which then fly away from each other due to electrostatic repulsion and are detected.
The helium trimer is large, being more than 100 Å, which is even larger than the helium dimer. The atoms are not arranged in an equilateral triangle, but instead form random shaped triangles.[5]
Interatomic Coulombic decay can occur when one atom is ionised and excited. It can transfer energy to another atom in the trimer, even though they are separated. However this is much more likely to occur when the atoms are close together, and so the interatomic distances measured by this vary with half full height from 3.3 to 12 Å. The predicted mean distance for Interatomic Coulombic decay in 4He3 is 10.4 Å. For 3He4He2 this distance is even larger at 20.5 Å.[6]
References
edit- ^ Kolganova, Elena A. (26 Nov 2010). "Helium Trimer in the Framework of Faddeev Approach" (PDF). Physics of Particles and Nuclei. 41 (7): 1108–1110. Bibcode:2010PPN....41.1108K. doi:10.1134/S1063779610070282. S2CID 120976241. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Kolganova, E. A.; Motovilov, A. K.; Sandhas, W. (4 May 2011). "The 4He Trimer as an Efimov System". Few-Body Systems. 51 (2–4): 249–257. arXiv:1104.1989. Bibcode:2011FBS....51..249K. doi:10.1007/s00601-011-0233-x. S2CID 119266992.
- ^ Al Taisan, Nada Ahmed (May 2013). Spectroscopic Detection of the Lithium Helium (LiHe) van der Waals Molecule (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-03.
- ^ a b Kunitski, M.; Zeller, S.; Voigtsberger, J.; Kalinin, A.; Schmidt, L. P. H.; Schoffler, M.; Czasch, A.; Schollkopf, W.; Grisenti, R. E.; Jahnke, T.; Blume, D.; Dorner, R. (30 April 2015). "Observation of the Efimov state of the helium trimer". Science. 348 (6234): 551–555. arXiv:1512.02036. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..551K. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5601. PMID 25931554. S2CID 102090236.
- ^ Goethe University Frankfurt (30 April 2015). "Efimov state in the helium trimer observed". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^ Kolorenč, Přemysl; Sisourat, Nicolas (14 December 2015). "Interatomic Coulombic decay widths of helium trimer: Ab initio calculations". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 143 (22): 224310. Bibcode:2015JChPh.143v4310K. doi:10.1063/1.4936897. PMID 26671378.
Extra reading
edit- Suno, Hiroya (14 January 2016). "Geometrical structure of helium triatomic systems: comparison with the neon trimer". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 49 (1): 014003. Bibcode:2016JPhB...49a4003S. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/49/1/014003. S2CID 124846893.