Wikipedia

Henry Edward Manning

"Cardinal Manning" redirects here. For the archbishop of Los Angeles, see Timothy Manning.

Henry Edward Manning (15 July 1808 – 14 January 1892) was an English prelate of the Catholic Church, and the second Archbishop of Westminster from 1865 until his death in 1892.[2] He was ordained in the Church of England as a young man, but converted to Catholicism in the aftermath of the Gorham judgement.

His Eminence

Henry Edward Manning
Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster
Primate of England and Wales
Photograph by Herbert Rose Barraud, c. 1880s
ChurchLatin Church
ProvinceWestminster
DioceseWestminster
Appointed16 May 1865
Term ended14 January 1892
PredecessorNicholas Wiseman
SuccessorHerbert Vaughan
Other post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Santi Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordination23 December 1833 (Anglican priest)
14 June 1851 (Catholic priest)
by Nicholas Wiseman
Consecration8 June 1865
by William Bernard Ullathorne
Created cardinal15 March 1875
by Pope Pius IX
RankCardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born(1808-07-15)15 July 1808
Totteridge, Hertfordshire, Great Britain and Ireland
Died14 January 1892(1892-01-14) (aged 83)
London, Great Britain
BuriedWestminster Cathedral
DenominationCatholicism (formerly Anglicanism)
ParentsWilliam and Mary (née Hunter) Manning
Spouse
Caroline Sargent
​
​
(m. 1833; died 1837)​
EducationBalliol College, Oxford

Early life

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Copped Hall, Hertfordshire

Manning was born on 15 July 1808 at his grandfather's home, Copped Hall, Totteridge, Hertfordshire. He was the third and youngest son of William Manning, a prominent merchant and slave owner,[3] who served as a director and (1812–1813) as a governor of the Bank of England[4] and also sat in Parliament for 30 years, representing in the Tory interest Plympton Earle, Lymington, Evesham and Penryn consecutively. Manning's mother, Mary (died 1847), daughter of Henry Leroy Hunter, of Beech Hill, and sister of Sir Claudius Stephen Hunter, 1st Baronet, came from a family said to be of French extraction.[5]

Manning spent his boyhood mainly at Coombe Bank, Sundridge, Kent, where he had for companions Charles Wordsworth and Christopher Wordsworth, later bishops of St Andrews and Lincoln respectively. He attended Harrow School (1822–1827) during the headmastership of George Butler, but obtained no distinction beyond playing for two years in the cricket eleven.[6] However, this proved to be no impediment to his academic career.

Manning matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1827, studying Classics, and soon made his mark as a debater at the Oxford Union, where William Ewart Gladstone succeeded him as president in 1830. At this date he had ambitions of a political career, but his father had sustained severe losses in business and, in these circumstances, having graduated with first-class honours in 1830, he obtained the year following, through the 1st Viscount Goderich, a post as a supernumerary clerk in the Colonial Office.[4] Manning resigned from this position in 1832, his thoughts having turned towards a clerical career under Evangelical influences, including his friendship with Favell Lee Mortimer, which affected him deeply throughout life.[5]

Anglican cleric

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Returning to Oxford in 1832, he gained election as a fellow of Merton College and received ordination as a deacon in the Church of England. In January 1833 he became curate to John Sargent, Rector of Lavington-with-Graffham, West Sussex. In May 1833, following Sargent's death, he succeeded him as rector[7] due to the patronage of Sargent's mother.

Manning married Caroline, John Sargent's daughter,[7] on 7 November 1833, in a ceremony performed by the bride's brother-in-law, the Revd Samuel Wilberforce, later Bishop of Oxford and Winchester. Manning's marriage did not last long: his young wife came of a consumptive family and died childless on 24 July 1837.[5] Upon his death more than half a century later, a locket containing Caroline's picture was found on a chain around Manning's neck, by then a celibate Catholic cleric of many decades.

Though he never became an acknowledged disciple of John Henry Newman (later Cardinal Newman), the latter's influence meant that from this date Manning's theology assumed an increasingly High Church character and his printed sermon on the "Rule of Faith" publicly signalled his alliance with the Tractarians.[5]

In 1838 he took a leading part in the church education movement, by which diocesan boards were established throughout the country; and he wrote an open letter to his bishop in criticism of the recent appointment of the ecclesiastical commission. In December of that year he paid his first visit to Rome and called on Nicholas Wiseman, the Rector of the English College, in company with Gladstone.[5][8]

In January 1841 Philip Shuttleworth, Bishop of Chichester, appointed Manning as the Archdeacon of Chichester,[9] whereupon he began a personal visitation of each parish within his district, completing the task in 1843. In 1842 he published a treatise on The Unity of the Church and his reputation as an eloquent and earnest preacher being by this time considerable, he was in the same year appointed select preacher by his university, thus being called upon to fill from time to time the pulpit which Newman, as vicar of St Mary's, was just ceasing to occupy.[5]

Four volumes of Manning's sermons appeared between the years 1842 and 1850 and these had reached the 7th, 4th, 3rd and 2nd editions respectively in 1850, but were not afterwards reprinted. In 1844 his portrait was painted by George Richmond, and the same year he published a volume of university sermons, omitting the one on the Gunpowder Plot. This sermon had annoyed Newman and his more advanced disciples, but it was proof that at that date Manning was loyal to the Church of England.[5][8]

Newman's secession in 1845 placed Manning in a position of greater responsibility, as one of the High Church leaders, along with Edward Bouverie Pusey, John Keble and Marriott; but it was with Gladstone and James Robert Hope-Scott that he was at this time most closely associated.[5][8]

Conversion to Catholicism

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Manning by Alphonse Legros
 
1882 caricature from Punch

Manning's belief in Anglicanism was shattered in 1850 when, in the so-called Gorham judgement, the Privy Council ordered the Church of England to institute an evangelical cleric who denied that the sacrament of baptism had an objective effect of baptismal regeneration. The denial of the objective effect of the sacraments was to Manning and many others a grave heresy, contradicting the clear tradition of the Christian Church from the Church Fathers on. That a civil and secular court had the power to force the Church of England to accept someone with such an unorthodox opinion proved to him that, far from being a divinely created institution, that the Anglican Communion was a man-made creation and, even worse in his views, still completely controlled by Her Majesty's Government.[10]

The following year, on 6 April 1851, Manning was received into the Catholic Church in England and then studied at the academia in Rome where he took his doctorate, and on 14 June 1851 was ordained a Catholic priest at the Jesuit Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street. Given his great abilities and prior fame, he quickly rose to a position of influence. He served as provost of the cathedral chapter under Cardinal Wiseman.[11]

In 1857, he established at Wiseman's direction the mission of St Mary of the Angels, Bayswater, to serve labourers building Paddington Station. There he founded, at Wiseman's request, the Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles.[12] This new community of secular priests was the joint work of Cardinal Wiseman and Manning, for both had independently conceived of the idea of a community of this kind, and Manning had studied the life and work of Charles Borromeo in his Anglican days at Lavington and had, moreover, visited the Oblates at Milan, in 1856, to satisfy himself that their rule could be adapted to the needs of Westminster. Manning became superior of the congregation.[4]

Archbishop

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In 1865 he was appointed Archbishop of Westminster.[13]

Among his accomplishments as head of the Catholic Church in England were the acquisition of the site for Westminster Cathedral, but his focus was on a greatly expanded system of Catholic education,[13] including the establishment of the short-lived Catholic University College in Kensington.

In 1875 Manning was created Cardinal-Priest of Ss Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio. Manning participated in the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII in 1878.[11]

Manning approved the founding of the Catholic Association Pilgrimage.

Influence on social justice teaching

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Manning in his 83rd year
 
Poster printed during the 1876 Burnley by-election campaign, in which Cardinal Manning is quoted as calling for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts.

Manning was very influential in setting the direction of the modern Catholic Church. His warm relations with Pope Pius IX and his ultramontane views gained him the trust of the Vatican, though "it was ordained that he should pass the evening of his days in England, and that he should outlive his intimacy at the Vatican and his influence on the general policy of the Church of Rome".[14]

Manning used this goodwill to promote a modern Catholic view of social justice. Several scholars consider Manning to be a key contributor to the papal encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Pope Leo XIII,[15][16]: 309  which marks the beginning of modern Catholic social justice teaching.[17]

For a portion of 1870, he was in Rome attending the First Vatican Council.[13] Manning was among the strongest supporters of the doctrine of papal infallibility, unlike Cardinal Newman who believed the doctrine but thought it might not be prudent to define it formally at the time. (For a comparison of Manning and Newman, see the section entitled "Relationships with other converts" in the article on Cardinal Newman.)

In 1888, Manning was interviewed by social activist and journalist Virginia Crawford, a fellow English Catholic, for The Pall Mall Gazette,[18] and was instrumental in settling the London dock strike of 1889[4] at the behest of Margaret Harkness.[19] He played a significant role in the conversion of other notable figures including Elizabeth Belloc, mother of famous British author Hilaire Belloc, upon whose thinking Manning had a profound influence.[16] Manning did not, however, support enfranchising women. In 1871, at St. Mary Moorfield, he said he hoped English womanhood would "resist by a stern moral refusal, the immodesty which would thrust women from their private life of dignity and supremacy into the public conflicts of men."[20]

View of the priesthood

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In 1883, Manning published The Eternal Priesthood, his most influential work.[21] In the book, Manning defended an elevated idea of the priesthood as, "in and of itself, an outstanding way to perfection, and even a 'state of perfection'".[22] In comparison to his polemical writings, The Eternal Priesthood is "austere" and "glacial",[21] arguing for a rigorous conception of the moral duties of the office. Manning additionally stressed the social function of the priest, who must be more to his community than a dispenser of the sacraments.[23]

Animal welfare

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Manning was an anti-vivisectionist and founding member of the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection.[24][25] He was a vice-president of the Society.[26] At the annual meeting of the Victoria Street Society in June 1881, he denounced vivisection as inhumane and of doubtful benefit to science.[27] In 1887, Manning commented that vivisection is not "the way that the all-wise and all-good maker of us all has ordained for the discovery of the healing arts".[28]

Death and burial

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Manning died on 14 January 1892, at which time his estate was probated at £3,527. He received a formal burial at St Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Kensal Green. Some years later, in 1907, his remains were transferred to the newly completed Westminster Cathedral.

Works

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Archdeacons of Chichester". British History Online. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  2. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Henry Edward Manning". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  3. ^ "William Manning Profile & Legacies Summary". www.ucl.ac.uk. Legacies of British Slavery UCL. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d Kent, William. "Henry Edward Manning." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 29 December 2015  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Hutton 1911, p. 589.
  6. ^ Russell, G.W., Collections & Recollections (Revised edition, Smith Elder & Co, London, 1899), at page 42
  7. ^ a b Cross, F. L., ed. (1957) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford University Press; pp. 849-850
  8. ^ a b c "Henry Edward Manning Papers (MSS 002)". pitts.emory.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  9. ^ "Classical Victorians: Scholars, Scoundrels and Generals in Pursuit of Antiquity" Richardson, E p196: Cambridge, CUP, 2013 ISBN 978-1-107-02677-3
  10. ^ Strachey, Lytton (1918). Eminent Victorians. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co. pp. 54–57.
  11. ^ a b Hutton 1911, p. 590.
  12. ^ "Exhibition on life and legacy of Cardinal Manning". Catholicireland.net. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  13. ^ a b c Taylor, I.A., The Cardinal Democrat: Henry Edward Manning, London. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Ltd., 1908  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ^ G. W. Russell, Collections & Recollections (Revised edition, Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1899), at page 47.
  15. ^ Byers, Philip (9 December 2021). "Rerum novarum in the Anglosphere: An interview with Alice Gorton". Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  16. ^ a b Tregenza, Ian (April 2021). "The "Servile State" Down Under: Hilaire Belloc and Australian Political Thought, 1912-1953". Journal of the History of Ideas. 82 (2): 305–327. doi:10.1353/jhi.2021.0015. PMID 33967100.
  17. ^ Turner, Geoffrey (March 2012). "Catholic Social Teaching: Introduction". New Blackfriars. 93 (1044): 133–136. doi:10.1111/j.1741-2005.2011.01470.x. JSTOR 43251610. Retrieved 25 February 2024. 120 years after Pope Leo XIII published Rerum Novarum in 1891, which kicked the whole show off, the Catholic Theological Association of Great Britain chose to have its annual conference on Catholic Social Teaching.
  18. ^ Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-90-382-1340-8.
  19. ^ John Lucas, "Harkness, Margaret Elise (1854–1923)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., May 2005 accessed 29 Dec 2015
  20. ^ "Votes for Women! The Catholic Contribution - Diocese of Westminster". rcdow.org.uk. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  21. ^ a b Adshead, S. A. M. (2000). The Philosophy of Religion in Nineteenth-century England and Beyond. London: Macmillan Press. p. 55.
  22. ^ Nichols, Aidan, O.P. (2011). Holy Order: Apostolic Priesthood from the New Testament to the Second Vatican Council. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Aubert, Roger; et al. History of the Church: IX. The Church in the Industrial age. Translated by Margit Resch. London: Burns & Oates. p. 136.
  24. ^ Bekoff, Marc; Meaney, Carron A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Routledge. pp. 313-314. ISBN 1-57958-082-3
  25. ^ Abbott, William M. (2019). "The British Catholic debate over vivisection, 1876 – 1914: a common theology but differing applications". British Catholic History. 34 (3): 451–477. doi:10.1017/bch.2019.5.
  26. ^ Bulliet, Richard W. (2005). Hunters, Herders, and Hamburgers: The Past and Future of Human-Animal Relationships. Columbia University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0231130776
  27. ^ McEntee, Georgiana Putnam. (1927). The Social Catholic Movement in Great Britain. Macmillan. p. 78
  28. ^ Steck, Christopher W. (2019). All God's Animals: A Catholic Theological Framework for Animal Ethics. Georgetown University Press. pp. 24-25. ISBN 978-1626167155
  29. ^ Manning, Henry Edward. The Glories of the Sacred Heart, London: Burns & Oates, 1876

References

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Further reading

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  • McClelland, Vincent Alan. Cardinal Manning: the Public Life and Influences, 1865–1892. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. xii, 256 p.
  • Player, Robert. Lets Talk of Graves, of Worms, of Epitaphs, a fictionalised version of Manning's life, largely based on the famous acerbic polemic of Lytton Strachey in his Eminent Victorians.
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Individual works
Church of England titles
Preceded by
Charles Webber
 Archdeacon of Chichester
1840–1851 		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Archbishop of Westminster
1865–1892 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Angelo Quaglia
 Cardinal Priest of Ss. Andrea e Gregorio al Monte
1875–1892
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