Wikipedia

Henry Mountains

For the mountain in Colorado, see Henry Mountain. For similarly named mountains, see Mount Henry.

The Henry Mountains is a mountain range located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Utah that runs in a generally north-south direction, extending over a distance of about 30 miles (48 km). They were named by Almon Thompson in honor of Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The nearest town of any size is Hanksville, Utah, which is north of the mountains. The Henry Mountains were the last mountain range to be added to the map of the 48 contiguous U.S. states (1872),[3] and before their official naming by Thompson were sometimes referred to as the "Unknown Mountains." In Navajo, the range is still referred to as Dził Bizhiʼ Ádiní ("mountain whose name is missing").[4]

Henry Mountains
Peaks in the Henry Mountains viewed from a high mountain road
Highest point
PeakMount Ellen
Elevation11,522 ft (3,512 m)
Coordinates38°6.53′N 110°48.82′W / 38.10883°N 110.81367°W / 38.10883; -110.81367
Geography
Henry Mountains is located in Utah
Henry Mountains
Henry Mountains
Location of the Henry Mountains within Utah
CountryUnited States
StateUtah
Range coordinates37°56′36″N 110°41′56″W / 37.94333°N 110.69889°W / 37.94333; -110.69889[2]
Parent rangeRocky Mountains
Geology
Rock typeigneous[1]

Most lands within the Henry Mountains are federally owned, public lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. A herd of 350 American Bison roams freely in the Henrys.

Geography and geology

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The Henry Mountains dominate the center of this view, a lower-resolution, cropped image from the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center. Lake Powell and the Colorado River are to the south, and the Waterpocket Fold is to the west.

The range is clustered into two main groups, with Highway 276 dividing the two portions. The northern group is by far the higher and larger in area of the two with Mount Ellen: 11,522 ft (3,512 m) above sea level; Mount Pennell: 11,371 ft (3,466 m); and Mount Hillers: 10,723 ft (3,268 m). The southern group is much lower in elevation. The southern group has two peaks: Mount Ellsworth: 8,235 ft (2,510 m) and Mount Holmes: 8,000 ft (2,400 m). The southern group is also known as the "Little Rockies".

The Henry Mountains are drained by several canyon systems which radiate away from the isolated range, flowing north into the Fremont River, east into the Dirty Devil River, or south into Lake Powell. Surface water is scarce in the Henrys. Precipitation is about 6 in (150 mm) annually at an elevation of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at the foot of the mountains, increasing to about 15 in (0.38 m) at 7,000 ft (2,100 m) elevation and then diminishing to about 13 in (330 mm) at the highest elevations.[5]

The geology of these mountains was first studied in 1875-1876 by Grove Karl Gilbert.[1] He coined the term "laccolite" (now laccolith) to describe the characteristic shapes of some of the igneous intrusions that core the mountains. The main type of igneous rock is porphyritic diorite. This continues to be a unique area of study for geologists who focus on intrusion emplacement processes, since the near-horizontal sedimentary strata are clearly folded to accommodate the magma.[6]

The ages of igneous rocks are important for understanding the evolution of the Colorado Plateau. The ages of these rocks measured by potassium–argon dating between 1969 and 1990 were discordant, ranging from 25 to 45 million years. However, uranium–lead dating of zircon, argon–argon dating of hornblende, and fission track dating have yielded consistent ages of about 23 to 31 million years.[7] The intrusions are hosted by Permian to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The geology of these mountains is similar to the geology of the La Sal Range and of the Abajo Mountains, both also on the Colorado Plateau in southeastern Utah.

History

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The Henry Mountains were sparsely occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years before the arrival of the first White settlers. The first exploration of the Henrys was in spring 1872 by Almon Harris Thompson, who climbed and named the highest summit in the Henrys after his wife Ellen.[8] Several Mormon settlements, usually ephemeral, were established during the 1880s. [9] In the 1890s the Henrys experienced several gold rushes of short duration. In about 1900, ranchers introduced large herds of sheep. By the 1930s, the Henrys were heavily overgrazed by sheep, causing erosion and damaging native vegetation. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 curtailed most of the overgrazing. A 2015 report identified only a few small areas still impacted by overgrazing, and vegetation cover had improved in most areas.[10]

"The conditions of aridity, isolation, and rugged surroundings . . . have always kept settlement and development in the Henry Mountains to a minimum . . . . The landscape is just too harsh, the distances too vast."[11]

Bison

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Main article: Henry Mountains bison herd
 
Mt. Pennell as seen from Lake Powell.

The Henry Mountains are home to approximately 350 American bison. Via genetic testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the Henry Mountains bison herd is one of only three free-roaming and genetically purebred bison herds on public lands in the United States.[12] This study, published in 2015, also showed the Henry Mountains bison to be free of brucellosis, a bacterial disease that was imported with non-native domestic cattle to North America.[13] The other two American herds are in Yellowstone National Park and Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota. The majority of free-ranging American Bison (approximately 90%) are found in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories,[14][15] with additional populations in Alaska transplanted from Canada in 2008.[16]

The Henry Mountains Bison Herd was created in 1941 when 18 bison, including three bulls, were moved from Yellowstone National Park and released near the Dirty Devil River, south and east of Hanksville, Utah. An additional five bulls were added to the population in 1942. The herd has gradually moved toward the Henry Mountains, frequenting elevations up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m). The Henry Mountain herd has been brucellosis-free since 1963.

Utah wildlife biologists set a population objective of 325 bison by 2012 for the Henry Mountain herd. As bison reproduce rapidly and the herds have been larger than this in the past, a decision was made to reduce the size of the herd. To achieve this objective and increase overall genetic diversity, breeding animals are transplanted to other locations from the herd. In January 2008, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources officials transplanted 31 animals to the Book Cliffs in eastern Utah.[17] The new group joined 14 animals previously released in August, 2008 from a private herd on the nearby Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation.[18] In addition, special licenses are issued annually to hunt the animals and help reduce the excess population. In 2009, 146 public once-in-a-lifetime Henry Mountain bison hunting permits were issued.[19]

Management

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Much of the area is managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management.[20]

References

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  1. ^ a b Gilbert, Grove Karl (1880). Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains (2 ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey.
  2. ^ "Henry Mountains". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  3. ^ Heath, Steven H. (1997). "A Historical Sketch of the Scientific Exploration of the Region Containing the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument". Bureau of Land Management Science Symposium. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  4. ^ Linford, L. Navajo Places. History, Legend, Landscape. University of Utah Press. 2000.
  5. ^ Hunt, Averitt & Miller 1953, pp. 16–17.
  6. ^ Horsman, Eric; Broda, Robert J.; Gwyn, Nathan Z.; Maurer, Elizabeth A.; Thornton, Erik D.; Ward, Mitchell T. (2016), Breitkreuz, Christoph; Rocchi, Sergio (eds.), "Progressive Construction of Laccolithic Intrusive Centers: , Utah, U.S.A", Physical Geology of Shallow Magmatic Systems, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 327–347, doi:10.1007/11157_2016_18, ISBN 978-3-319-14083-4, retrieved 2021-09-07
  7. ^ Nelson, Stephen T.; Davidson, Jon P.; Sullivan, Kim R. (1 December 1992). "New age determinations of central Colorado Plateau laccoliths, Utah: Recognizing disturbed K-Ar systematics and re-evaluating tectonomagmatic relationships". GSA Bulletin. 104 (12): 1547–1560. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1547:NADOCC>2.3.CO;2.
  8. ^ Weisheit, John. "The Powell Survey of the 1870s: Art & Science from the Saddle. On the Colorado". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  9. ^ Hunt, Charles B. "Geology and Geography of the Henry Mountains Region" (PDF). Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Geologic Survey. pp. 3–21. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  10. ^ Kay, Charles E. "Long-Term Vegetation Change in Utah's Henry Mountains" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. U.S. Government. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  11. ^ Webb, Roy (1994), "The Henry Mountains", Utah History Encyclopedia, University of Utah Press, ISBN 9780874804256, archived from the original on September 25, 2023, retrieved May 9, 2024
  12. ^ Ranglack DH, Dobson LK, du Toit JT, Derr J (December 17, 2015). "Genetic Analysis of the Henry Mountains Bison Herd". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144239. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044239R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144239. PMC 4682953. PMID 26673758.
  13. ^ Meagher, Mary; Meyer, Margaret E. (September 1994). "On the Origin of Brucellosis in Bison of Yellowstone National Park: A Review". Conservation Biology. 8 (3): 645–653. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030645.x. JSTOR 2386505.
  14. ^ Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources - Northwest Territories Archived 2013-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources - Northwest Territories
  15. ^ Gates, Zimov; Stephenson, Chapin. "Wood Bison Recovery: Restoring Grazing Systems in Canada, Alaska and Eastern Siberia". Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  16. ^ "Wood Bison Imported From Canada!" (PDF). Wood Bison News. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2008. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  17. ^ "DWR captures bison near Lake Powell". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2009-12-10.
  18. ^ "Bison Return to the Book Cliffs". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
  19. ^ "Once-In-A-Lifetime Permits" (PDF). Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-11.
  20. ^ Hunt, Charles B.; Averitt, Paul; Miller, Ralph L. (1953). "Geology and Geography of the Henry Mountains Region, Utah". Professional Paper. U.S. Geological Survey. p. 22.
  • Jules D. Friedman and Curtis Huffman Jr., coordinators, Laccolith Complexes of Southeastern Utah: Time of Emplacement and Tectonic Setting—Workshop Proceedings, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2158, 1998. http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2158/B2158.pdf
  • W. Kenneth Hamblin, Beyond the Visible Landscape: Aerial Panoramas of Utah's Geology. Regal Printing Limited., Hong Kong, http://www.regalprinting.com.hk 300 p., 2004. ISBN 0-9760722-0-3
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Kay, Charles E. 2015. Long Term Vegetation Change in Utah's Henry Mountains: A Study in Repeat Photography. BLM-UT-GI-14001-8002+REV15. 274 pages. https://web.archive.org/web/20161006151707/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/blm_library/misc_pubs.Par.74891.File.dat/Kay2015_HenryMtns.pdf

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