Herennia Cupressenia Etruscilla was Roman empress as the wife of Emperor Decius. She was the mother of Emperors Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian.[1]
| Herennia Etruscilla | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augusta | |||||||||
 Bust of Herennia Etruscilla. | |||||||||
| Empress of the Roman Empire | |||||||||
| Tenure | 249–251 | ||||||||
| Born | Unknown | ||||||||
| Died | c. 253 | ||||||||
| Spouse | Decius | ||||||||
| Issue | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Life
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As with most third-century Roman empresses, very little is known about her.[2] The date and place of her birth are not known for certain. She was probably from a senatorial family of Herennia gens.[3][4] It is assumed that her ancestors settled in Etrurian lands.[5] Herennia married Decius probably before 230,[5] therefore, Herennia was born in early 3rd century AD. She gained the title Augusta when Decius became emperor in 249 AD. After the death of both Decius and Herennius Etruscus in the Battle of Abritus, Trebonianus Gallus, the governor of Moesia, was elected as emperor in June 251 AD.[6]
In order to gain popular support, Trebonianus Gallus retained Herennia Etruscilla as Augusta (empress-mother) and elevated Hostilian to Augustus, making him co-emperor alongside Trebonianus Gallus himself.[7][8][9] Hostilian died in July 251, either from a plague or murder,[7][8] after which Trebonianus Gallus' son Volusianus, was raised to Augustus. In November 251 AD, Herennia survived the epidemic, in which her son Hostilian died, retained the role of Augusta, despite any familial ties to Gallus and lived until 253 AD, corresponding to the end of his reign.[10][11]
Numismatics
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While information about her is scarce, coins with her portrait are numerous and easy to obtain. Legends on coins struck at Rome only ever give her name as 'Herennia Etruscilla' but billon tetradrachms struck at Alexandria supply the Cupressenia element in abbreviation: ΕΡ ΚΟΥΠ ΑΙΤΡΟΥCΚΙΛΑ (Greek: Her. Koup. Aitrouskila), showing that her full name was Herennia Cup(ressenia) Etruscilla.[12] The Cupressenia element is expanded from the 'ΚΟΥΠ' in the Alexandria coin legends, from the Latin cupresseus "cypress tree" and symbol of Juno.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ See below for the evidence from coin legends for her name.
- ^ Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 347.
- ^ Muratori, p. 1036, 4.
- ^ Maffei, Museum Veronense, p. 102.
- ^ a b Krawczuk, Aleksander (2006). Poczet cesarzowych Rzymu. Warszawa: Iskry. ISBN 83-244-0021-4.
- ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
- ^ a b Adkins & Adkins 1998, p. 28.
- ^ a b Salisbury & Mattingly 1924, p. 16.
- ^ Bunson 2014, p. 266.
- ^ "The Roman Empire Herennia Etruscilla".
- ^ Kienast, Dietmar (2017). Römische Kaisertabelle. Darmstadt: Wissenschaflische Gesellschaft. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8.
- ^ Sear, D., (2005), Roman Coins and Their Values. Volume III. The 3rd century crisis and recovery AD235-285, Spink, London, p. 212 and nos. 9486-9512.
- ^ Lewis and Short (1879 and numerous later impressions), A Latin Dictionary, p. 499, and Livy 27.37.12.
Sources
edit- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195123326.
- Bunson, Matthew (2014). Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 9781438110271.
- Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins).
- Francesco Scipione, Marchese di Maffei, Museum Veronense, hoc est, Antiquarum Inscriptionum atque Anaglyphorum Collectio (Museum of Verona, or a Collection of Antique Inscriptions and Reliefs).
- Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum (New Treasury of Ancient Inscriptions), Milan (1739-42).
- Salisbury, F. S.; Mattingly, H. (1924). "The Reign of Trajan Decius". The Journal of Roman Studies. 14 (1–2): 1–23. doi:10.2307/296323. JSTOR 296323. S2CID 163083500.