Higher Wincombe is a farm and small hamlet in the parish of Donhead St Mary, Wiltshire, England.[1] It lies at the transition point between the plateau of Shaftesbury and the head of the Nadder Valley, just beyond the north-east edge of the town of Shaftesbury, Dorset, and within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs National Landscape.
History
editThere was a hamlet called Wincombe by the later 18th century,[2] which was recorded as Higher Wincombe when it was surveyed by the Ordnance Survey in 1886.[3] Wincombe farm was built in the second half of the 18th century (although the barn may have been built in the earlier part of that century) and was enlarged in the 19th century.[2]
Over the years, the lanes to the east which joined Higher Wincombe to Donhead St Mary and other hamlets in the parish have been downgraded to bridleways. The hamlet is now only accessible via Wincombe Lane – a private road and bridleway – from Shaftesbury. The lane had an avenue of beech trees, established for over 200 years, until they were felled in the 1970s.[citation needed]
Military sites
editPart of the land of Higher Wincombe Farm, shouldering the border with Dorset, was requisitioned in 1943 by the Ministry of Works for the war effort and became the Wincombe Y Station which was at first operated by the General Post Office (GPO).[4][5] Prior to this there was an RAF Home Defence Unit (HDU) operating on the land, under the control of 26 Group No.363 Wireless Unit, West Kingsdown. [6] RAF Home Defence Units were the cover name for RAF Y Service.[7] HDUs dealt primarily with intercepting Luftwaffe aircraft VHF voice communications, primarily in fighters. It is likely that this HDU became obsolete as Luftwaffe traffic inland decreased after the Battle of Britain.[citation needed]
Harold Charles Kenworthy (1892–1987), the head of Government Communications Wireless Station (GCWS) at Knockholt in Kent, reported that in July 1943 it became necessary to consider the expansion of the Foreign Office Y Service to monitor Japanese and German Morse signals. Tests were undertaken at several locations with the observations favouring Wincombe. In addition, observations were noted relating to German non-Morse traffic known as Tunny. Equipment was specially made and taken to Wincombe, where control and circuit lines were connected through to Knockholt. Initially, staff occupied ex-RAF huts and continued to do so until the main building was completed in the early part of 1944, when a special section was taken over and better gear installed, together with a four-channel V/F to Knockholt[8].
The original location of the Y station was immediately east of the farmyard at the edge of the ancient woodland known as The Great Hanging; the site was captured by Ordnance Survey aerial photography in 1945.[9] It later moved south on the farmland into more substantial buildings, some of them still standing and in use by a commercial creamery[10]. In 1950, plans were submitted for a purpose-built wireless array by the Ministry of Works and discussed by the Mere and Tisbury Rural District Council, who raised no objection. A report of the meeting[11] also noted that the Ministry would be purchasing the balance of Higher Wincombe Farm, which they felt would be uneconomical for farming.
From the 1950s to 1983[12] the site was operated by the National Security Agency (NSA) of the United States[13] in conjunction with GCHQ. The site was also known as RAF Wincombe,[14] and for a time came under RAF Upper Heyford as part of the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom. The USAF designated Higher Wincombe as a Radio Beacon Site, and it was also known as Operating Location-J (OL-J) of the European Communications Area and housed Detachment 4.[15] After the closure of operations in 1977,[12] the decommissioning of the site took a number of years with the site's last elements being handed over in July 1983.[16] The hamlet's properties had been returned to private residences in 1980.
References
edit- ^ "Wincombe :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ a b Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1987). "Parishes: Donhead St Mary". In Crowley, D. A. (ed.). A History of the County of Wiltshire. Victoria County History. Vol. 13: South-west Wiltshire: Chalke and Dunworth hundreds. London: Oxford University Press for the University of London Institute of Historical Research. pp. 138–155. ISBN 978-0197227695. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ Ordnance Survey (1886). "Wiltshire LXVIII (includes: Gillingham; Motcombe.)" (Map). OS Six-inch England and Wales, 1842-1952. 1:10,560. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "The National Archives: Government Wireless Station, Higher Wincombe Farm, Donhead St. Mary – Piece details F14/428/25". Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "The National Archives: Report on E operations at BP by William F Friedman – Piece details HW 14/85". Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "The National Archives: Location of Units in the Royal Air Force July-Nov. 1942 Issue Nos. 22-27 - Piece details AIR 10/3957 (SD161)". Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "How codebreakers helped fight the Battle of Britain". Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "The National Archives: The interception of German Teleprinter Communications at Foreign Office Station Knockholt - Piece details HW 50/79". Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ Ordnance Survey (1945). "Photo Mosaic Sheet 31/82S.E./ST82S.E)" (Map). Air Photo Mosaic. 1:10,560. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ "Why BV Dairy's Success Has Been Celebrated". Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "Wincombe Wireless Station - No Objection by Mere Council". Western Gazette. 10 March 1950. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b Aldrich, Richard J. "A Signals Intelligence Timeline". Warwick University. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Campbell, Duncan (21 May 1976). "The Eavesdroppers" (PDF). Time Out. Time Out Group. p. 8. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Fletcher, Harry R. (1993). Air Force Bases, Volume 2, Air bases outside the United States of America (PDF). Center for Air Force History, United States Air Force. p. 133. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Document Detail for IRISNUM". airforcehistoryindex.org. 1 January 1982. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ United States Senate (1988). Military construction appropriations for fiscal year 1988: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session on H.R. 2906. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 200. OCLC 17726639. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
51°00′53″N 2°10′45″W / 51.01461°N 2.17926°W
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