The Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) is a subspecies of the Asian black bear. It is distinguished from U. t. thibetanus by its longer, thicker fur and smaller, whiter chest mark.[4] The species is considered an ecological indicator and a keystone species of the environment.[5] The species plays a vital role as a primary seed disperser in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem.[6] On average, they measure from 56 to 65 inches (140 to 170 cm) nose to tail and weigh from 200 to 265 pounds (91 to 120 kg), though they may weigh as much as 400 pounds (180 kilograms) in the fall, when they are fattening up for hibernation.[7]
| Himalayan black bear | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Ursidae |
| Genus: | Ursus |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | U. t. laniger
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| Trinomial name | |
| Ursus thibetanus laniger Pocock, 1932
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| Synonyms | |
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The Himalayan black bear is typically nocturnal and elusive, although it has been observed during the day.[8] It hibernates throughout the winter in the northwestern Himalayas, while it is usually active during the entire year in the eastern Himalayas.
Distribution and habitat
editThe species' fossilized remains were discovered in Germany and France, but currently, it only exists in Asia, mainly confined in the Himalayas of India, Bhutan, Nepal, China, and Pakistan. During the summer, black bears can be found in warmer areas in Nepal, China, Bhutan, India and Tibet up near the timberline. The species prefers moist temperate forest mixed with deciduous broad-leaved forest, and mixture of oak, and thick dense under layer of shrubby vegetation between 1500 m to 3000 m elevation, and subtropical pine forest between 900 m to 1700 m elevation.[9] For winter, they descend as low as 5,000 feet (1,500 metres), to more tropical forests. The species might with the distribution of U. t. thibetanus across Myanmar and northeast India to possibly Nepal in the Himalayan range.[10]
Behavior and ecology
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Diet
editSeveral authors reported that the bear shifts their habitats following a change in food abundance, i.e., the seasonal migration of bears at different altitudes change with the food availability. They are omnivorous creatures (like most bears) and will eat just about anything. Their diet consists of acorns, nuts, fruit, honey, roots, and various insects such as termites and beetle larvae. If food is scarce, they may turn to eating livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle.[7] In spring black bear nourishes itself by using juicy flora; following summer it takes insects, fruits, and different vegetation while in autumn it feeds on nuts and acorns, simultaneously taking a high ratio of meat. During autumn, it moves and covers a long distance to explore food for survival just before the hibernation when food requirements increase, resulting in high conflict by the end of autumn.
It is physiologically adapted for arboreal feeding, with its relatively heavy front quarters and short curved claws providing support for its frugivorous feeding habits (Mattson 1998). The species mainly ate soft mast (e.g., Prunus spp., Rubus spp., Machilus spp. and Ziziphus spina-christi), hard mast (e. g. Quercus spp., Pinus spp., Fagus spp. and Juglans spp.), green vegetation, crops (such as maize, millet and potato), cultivated fruits (date palm, pear, banana, papaya, apple and peach), mammals and insects.
Breeding
editThey reach sexual maturity at approximately three years. Mating occurs in October with usually two cubs born in February, while the mother is still hibernating. The offspring usually stay with their mother into the second year.[7]
Status, threats and future conservation implications
editThis subspecies is listed as 'vulnerable' due to encroachment of human population, forest fires and the timber industries; these have all reduced the bear's habitat. There is also a high mortality rate among the newborn. And even though hunting of the black bear has been forbidden since 1977, there is still a large problem with poaching.[7]
Over the last thirty years, the world black bear population has declined by 30–40% and it is predicted that the same rate will continue for the next thirty years unless effective conservation measures are implemented.[11] Habitat fragmentation, habitat loss and destruction, conversion of bear habitat into agricultural land as well as other anthropogenic pressures are significantly influencing the black bear population and its habitat [12] Climate change is predicted to cause a shift in the existing suitable area or increase the suitable area for the Asiatic black bears, leading to disturbances in habitat connectivity.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish climate refugia and corridors that can enhance connectivity between countries and facilitate the dispersal of bear populations. Research suggests that more than 70% of suitable habitat in the Himalyan Black Bear habitat will remain as climate refugia in the future, but a reduction of more than 25% in suitable habitat could be challenging, especially in cases of transboundary bear populations.[8] Various conservation agencies of Himalayan black bear countries can facilitate to work together and develop corridors to enhance connectivity between them. The protection and management of selected hotspot areas with significant intact habitat can also provide more area and facilitate dispersal among populations, leading to an increase in the chances of gene flow that results in genetic diversity and an increase in population size of the species. Current nature reserves/protected areas should be upgraded by connecting adjacent suitable habitats. In countries with low bear populations, such as Nepal and Bangladesh, the reduction in suitable habitat could be most severe.[8] Thus, establishing movement corridors between these protected areas is a key means for helping to conserve this species.
References
edit- ^ "Hinalayan black bear report" (PDF). ancardchula.gov.np. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Bears - WWF-India". wwfindia.org. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1932). "The Black and Brown Bears of Europe and Asia: Part II". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36 (1): 115–116. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
- ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). "The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma". Mammalia. 2. London: Taylor and Francis.
- ^ Charoo, Samina A.; Sharma, Lalit K.; Sathyakumar, S. (November 2011). "Asiatic black bear–human interactions around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India". Ursus. 22 (2): 106–113. doi:10.2192/ursus-d-10-00021.1. ISSN 1537-6176.
- ^ Koike, Shinsuke; Morimoto, Hideto; Kozakai, Chinatsu; Arimoto, Isao; Yamazaki, Koji; Iwaoka, Masahiro; Soga, Masashi; Koganezawa, Masaaki (March 2012). "Seed removal and survival in Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus faeces: effect of rodents as secondary seed dispersers". Wildlife Biology. 18 (1): 24–34. doi:10.2981/10-049. ISSN 1903-220X.
- ^ a b c d Bears Of The World. "Himalayan Black Bear". Bears Of The World. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ a b c Zahoor, Babar; Liu, Xuehua; Kumar, Lalit; Dai, Yunchuan; Tripathy, Bismay Ranjan; Songer, Melissa (July 2021). "Projected shifts in the distribution range of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Hindu Kush Himalaya due to climate change". Ecological Informatics. 63: 101312. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101312. ISSN 1574-9541. S2CID 235508703.
- ^ Waseem, Muhammad; Mahmood, Tariq; Hussain, Abid; Hamid, Abdul; Akrim, Faraz; Andleeb, Shaista; Fatima, Hira (2020). "Ecology and Human Conflict of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) in Mansehra District, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 52 (4). doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20180209100205. ISSN 0030-9923.
- ^ Kadariya, Rabin; Shimozuru, Michito; Maldonado, Jesús E.; Moustafa, Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed; Sashika, Mariko; Tsubota, Toshio (2018-12-05). "High genetic diversity and distinct ancient lineage of Asiatic black bears revealed by non-invasive surveys in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0207662. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307662K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207662. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6281213. PMID 30517155.
- ^ Steinmetz, Robert; Garshelis, David L. (April 2008). "Distinguishing Asiatic Black Bears and Sun Bears by Claw Marks on Climbed Trees". Journal of Wildlife Management. 72 (3): 814–821. doi:10.2193/2007-098. ISSN 0022-541X.
- ^ Bista, Rabindra; Aryal, Achyut (2013-03-01). "Status of the Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus in the southeastern region of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal". Zoology and Ecology. 23 (1): 83–87. Bibcode:2013ZooEc..23...83B. doi:10.1080/21658005.2013.774813. ISSN 2165-8005.
External links
edit- Himalayan black bear versus Bengal tiger at Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan