A hip protector is a specialized form of pants or underwear containing pads (either hard or soft) along the outside of each hip/leg, designed to prevent hip fractures following a fall. Recent developments include the use of double-sided adhesive films that are breathable and more comfortable to wear than specialised pants. The adhesive films are safer because they can be worn in the bath or shower, or when toileting. Hip protectors are most commonly used in elderly individuals who have a high risk of falls and hip fractures (for example, due to history of a previous fall and underlying osteoporosis).[1]
Most hip fractures follow an impact due to a lateral fall.[2] The pads are located over the trochanters, the bony extrusions of the hip region.
Effectiveness
editA 2014 Cochrane review found that hip protectors decrease the number of hip fractures among the elderly.[3]
A number of reviews have found that hip protectors are cost-effective, particularly among residents of care homes and for long-stay patients in hospital[4]
A previous review found that the effect for preventing hip fracture among nursing home residents was small and not effective among community dwelling elderly individuals.[5] A 2007 review found a decreased risk of hip fractures in elderly nursing home residents.[6]
However, acceptance and long-term compliance towards them has historically been quite low,[5] mainly because of discomfort, dislike of their appearance by the person wearing it, and disagreement about fracture risk.[7] More modern hip protectors do not suffer from these disadvantages because they are slimmer with a low profile, so less noticeable, have ventilation holes and ducting to keep the skin cool under the pad and are soft and pliable conforming to the contours of the hip. Better independent testing procedures developed by Professor Julian Minns have established a reliable baseline for impact absorption performance.[8]
Research which has found hip protectors to be beneficial found that hard, energy-shunting hip protectors to be superior to soft, energy-absorbing ones.[9] However this research predates the introduction of hip protector pads in 2011/2012 using modern non-Newtonian materials, such as D3o that absorb around 75% of the impact, typically twice that of previous devices that used soft materials such as textiles or foam pads in an airtight bag, but comparable to the best of the energy-shunting devices, which have now largely disappeared from the market because of a slight tendency to cause pelvic fractures when the energy is transferred[10] Another study showed that hip protectors' design and mechanical properties vary drastically among commercially available hip protectors.[11]
Types
editHip protectors are either of the "crash helmet type" or "energy-absorbing type". The "crash helmet type" distributes impacts into the surrounding soft tissue, while the "energy-absorbing type" is made of a compressible material and diminishes the force of impact. Both of these systems aim to reduce the focused force beneath an estimated fracture threshold.[1][12] Several different commercially available hip protectors exist.[1][9]
Footnotes
edit- ^ a b c Holzer, G; Holzer, LA (2007). "Hip protectors and prevention of hip fractures in older persons". Geriatrics. 62 (8): 15–20. PMID 17668960.
- ^ Lauritzen, JB (1996). "Hip fractures: incidence, risk factors, energy absorption, and prevention". Bone. 18 (1 Suppl): 65S–75S. doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00382-7. PMID 8717550.
- ^ Santesso, N; Carrasco-Labra, A; Brignardello-Petersen, R (Mar 31, 2014). "Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (3): CD001255. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001255.pub5. PMC 10754476. PMID 24687239. S2CID 27652715.
- ^ "Cost-effectiveness of preventing hip fractures by hip protectors in elderly institutionalized residents in Germany". www.crd.york.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
- ^ a b Parker, MJ; Gillespie, WJ; Gillespie, LD (2006). "Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 332 (7541): 571–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.38753.375324.7C. PMC 1397761. PMID 16513687.
- ^ Sawka, AM; Boulos, P; Beattie, K; Papaioannou, A; Gafni, A; Cranney, A; Hanley, DA; Adachi, JD; et al. (2007). "Hip protectors decrease hip fracture risk in elderly nursing home residents: a Bayesian meta-analysis". J Clin Epidemiol. 60 (4): 336–44. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.07.006. PMC 5110322. PMID 17346606.
- ^ Patel, S; Ogunremi, L; Chinappen, U (2003). "Acceptability and compliance with hip protectors in community-dwelling women at high risk of hip fracture". Rheumatology. 42 (6): 769–72. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg215. PMID 12730537.
- ^ Minns. "How safe are hip protectors?" (PDF).
- ^ a b van Schoor, N.M.; Van Der Veen, A.J.; Schaap, L.A.; Smit, T.H.; Lips, P. (2006). "Biomechanical comparison of hard and soft hip protectors, and the influence of soft tissue". Bone. 39 (2 Suppl): 401–407. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2006.01.156. PMID 16546458.
- ^ "Hip protectors and osteoporosis | National Osteoporosis Society". nos.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
- ^ Holzer, LA; Von Skrbensky, G; Holzer, G (2009). "Mechanical testing of different hip protectors according to a European Standard". Injury. 40 (11): 1172–5. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.02.005. PMID 19524913.
- ^ Holzer, LA; Holzer, G (2007). "Design: A neglected factor in medicine". McGill Journal of Medicine. 10 (1): 3. PMC 2323546. PMID 18523599.