Wikipedia

Hippopotamuses in Colombia

Hippopotamuses are an introduced species in Colombia. Four hippopotamuses were first kept by Pablo Escobar in his private zoo in the late 1970s, and upon his death in 1993, they were allowed to wander his unattended estate. The hippos eventually broke out of the estate and were left to roam the outside area, due to difficulty in containment. By 2019, their population had grown to approximately one hundred individuals, causing concerns about harming the native flora and fauna in the area, as well as posing a significant threat to the human population. They are often popularly referred to as "cocaine hippos".

Vanessa, a hippo residing at Hacienda Nápoles

History

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In the late 1970s, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar kept four hippopotamuses in a private menagerie at his residence in Hacienda Nápoles, 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of Medellín, Colombia. They were deemed too difficult to seize and move after Escobar's death, and hence left on the untended estate.

By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food in the nearby Magdalena River.[1][2] In early 2014, there were reported to be 40 hippopotamuses in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia.[3]

The estimated population in December 2019 was around 90–120, with their range covering around 2,250 km2 (870 sq mi) and now extending into Santander; it was expected that the population would almost certainly increase to more than 150 individuals within a decade and could reach up to more than 200 hippos, while the range eventually could cover more than 13,500 km2 (5,200 sq mi).[4] Population projections estimate that there could be thousands within a few decades.[5] The Colombian hippos reach sexual maturity earlier than African hippos.[6] Another study in 2023 revealed the number of existing hippos to be even higher than previously estimated, with already between 181–215 individuals.[7]

Hippopotamuses represent a serious threat to fishermen and other locals. There have been attacks on humans, but as of 2017 none had been fatal.[8]

Conservation concerns

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Being non-native introductions, most conservationists considered them problematic and invasive in Colombia, as they have the potential to change the ecosystems, feeding heavily on plants and displacing native species like the West Indian manatee, Neotropical otter, spectacled caiman and turtles.[4][9][10] The critically endangered Dahl's toad-headed turtle and Magdalena River turtle are largely restricted to the Magdalena River basin,[11] as are many threatened fish.[12] In 2020, a study showed that there was an increase in the nutrient levels and cyanobacteria in Colombian lakes inhabited by hippos. Cyanobacteria can cause toxic algae blooms and die-offs of aquatic fauna. Despite the limited magnitude of the observed change, it was notable since the species' population was still quite small.[9][10]

In contrast to the opposition by most conservationists, some ecologists have argued that they should remain and might even have a positive effect on the local environment. It has been suggested that the nutrients they introduce to the water and the occasional fish kills caused by them are overall positive,[9] but this was based on a study in their native Africa.[13] Alternatively, the introduced hippos could be a form of Pleistocene rewilding project, replacing species like Toxodon that became extinct in prehistoric times,[9] but Pleistocene rewilding itself is highly controversial.[14] Others have argued that the Colombian hippos should be regarded as a safe population, isolated from the threats faced by African hippos, and that they could be beneficial to the local ecotourism industry.[9]

Control efforts

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In 2009, one adult hippopotamus (called "Pepe") was killed by hunters under authorization of the local authorities.[2] When a photo of the dead hippo became public, it caused considerable controversy among animal rights groups both within the country and abroad, and further plans of culling ceased.

Alternative methods have been considered, but they are unproven, or difficult and expensive. In 2017 a wild male hippo was caught, castrated and released again, but it cost about US$50,000.[8]

In 2020, there were no plans by the local government to manage the population, but further studies on their effect on the habitat have been initiated.[9] Because of the fast-growing population, conservationists recommended that a management plan needed to be rapidly developed.[4][5]

By October 2021, the Colombian government had started a program to sterilize the hippos using a chemical to make them infertile.[15] The approach uses an anti-GnRH vaccine known as GonaCon. Such vaccines turn the immune system against GnRH, a hormone important for sex organ function.[16] During this time alongside both national and international animal rights movements surrounding the hippo population had increased. As such, in an effort to protect the hippos, a lawsuit was filed which explored the interests of the hippos in relation to their management.[17]

In March 2023, it was announced that the Colombian government is proposing transferring at least 70 hippopotamuses to India and Mexico as part of a plan to control their population.[18] Authorities estimate that 170 hippos currently inhabit Colombia and there is a potential for the population to increase to 1,000 by the year 2035.[19]

In November 2023 the Colombian Environment Minister, Susana Muhamad, announced plans to manage the invasive hippo population. This strategy involves three measures, the sterilization of around 40 hippos a year, in addition to translocation and culling measures which were still being explored, citing environmental concerns.[20][21] In August 2024, the Administrative Court of Cundinamarca gave the Ministry of Environment three months to issue a proper "regulation that contemplates measures for the eradication of the species," on the basis that the hippos were affecting the area's "ecological balance."[22][23]

Media

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In 2013, the National Geographic Channel produced a documentary about the species in Colombia titled Cocaine Hippos.[24]

In series 3 of The Grand Tour, the presenters went to Colombia to photograph wildlife, including hippos.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kraul, Chris (20 December 2006). "A hippo critical situation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
  2. ^ a b "Colombia kills drug baron hippo". BBC News. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
  3. ^ "Hipopótamos bravos". El Espectador. 24 June 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. translation at Google Translate
  4. ^ a b c "En 10 años Colombia tendrá 150 hipopótamos". Semana Sostenible. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b University of California, San Diego (29 January 2020). "Drug lord's hippos make their mark on foreign ecosystem". EurekAlert. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Pablo Escobar's hippos: A growing problem". BBC News. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  7. ^ Taylor, Luke (2 June 2023). "Colombia's 'cocaine hippo' population is even bigger than scientists thought". Nature. 618 (7965): 444–445. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..444T. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01818-z. PMID 37268838. S2CID 259046929.
  8. ^ a b Nagvekar, Rahul (8 March 2017). "Zoo Gone Wild: After Escobar, Colombia Faces His Hippos". The Politic. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Wilcox, Christie (31 January 2020). "Could Pablo Escobar's Escaped Hippos Help the Environment?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b Shurin, J.B.; N.A. Riaño; D.D. Negro; D.E. Lopez; N.T. Jones; O. Laverd-R.; A. Neu; A.P. Ramos (2020). "Ecosystem effects of the world's largest invasive animal". Ecology. 101 (5): e02991. Bibcode:2020Ecol..101E2991S. doi:10.1002/ecy.2991. PMID 31994172. S2CID 210949150.
  11. ^ Turtle Taxonomy Working Group; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status" (PDF). In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. 7 (8 ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  12. ^ Maldonado-Ocampo, J.A.; Vari, R.P.; Usma, J.S. (2008). "Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Colombia". Biota Colombiana. 9 (2): 143–237.
  13. ^ Dutton, C.L.; A.L. Subalusky; S.K. Hamilton; E.J. Rosi; D.M. Post (2018). "Organic matter loading by hippopotami causes subsidy overload resulting in downstream hypoxia and fish kills". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1951. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1951D. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04391-6. PMC 5956076. PMID 29769538.
  14. ^ Rubenstein, D.R.; D.I. Rubenstein; P.W. Sherman; T.A. Gavin (2006). "Pleistocene Park: Does re-wilding North America represent sound conservation for the 21st century?". Biological Conservation. 132 (2): 232–238. Bibcode:2006BCons.132..232R. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.003.
  15. ^ "Pablo Escobar: Colombia sterilises drug lord's hippos". BBC News. 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  16. ^ Subalusky, A. L.; Sethi, S. A.; Anderson, E. P.; Jiménez, G.; Echeverri-Lopez, D.; García-Restrepo, S.; Nova-León, L. J.; Reátiga-Parrish, J. F.; Post, D. M.; Rojas, A. (2023). "Rapid population growth and high management costs have created a narrow window for control of introduced hippos in Colombia". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6193. Bibcode:2023NatSR..13.6193S. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33028-y. PMC 10106455. PMID 37062768.
  17. ^ Doornbos, Elliot (2023). "Colombian Hippos and Species Management: Exploring the Legal Case Surrounding the Management and Control of the Colombian Hippos from a Species Justice Perspective". Laws. 12 (2): 29. doi:10.3390/laws12020029. ISSN 2075-471X.
  18. ^ "Colombia proposes shipping invasive hippos escaped from Pablo Escobar's ranch to India, Mexico". ABC News. 3 March 2023.
  19. ^ Levenson, Michael (2023-11-18). "Colombia to Sterilize Pablo Escobar's 'Cocaine Hippos'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
  20. ^ (AFP via ABS-CBN News)
  21. ^ "Inicia fase de esterilización del plan de manejo para controlar hipopótamos en Colombia". Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (in Spanish). 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  22. ^ "Colombian court orders Escobar's hippos to be hunted". Science X. 7 September 2024.
  23. ^ "Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia participa en fallo histórico sobre el control de la sobrepoblación de hipopótamos en el Magdalena Medio" (in Spanish). Semana. 15 October 2024.
  24. ^ "The Invaders: Cocaine Hippos". National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013.
  25. ^ "'The Grand Tour' Finds Cocaine Hippos In Colombia". 31 January 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
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