Wikipedia

Ashdod

(Redirected from History of Ashdod)

This article is about the modern city. For the ancient city, see Ashdod (ancient city). For other uses, see Ashdod (disambiguation).

Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד, romanized: ʾašdōḏ, pronounced [ʔaʃˈdod] ⓘ; Arabic: أسدود, romanized: ʾasdūd, pronounced [ʔasˈduːd], or إسدود, ʾisdūd [ʔɪsˈduːd]; Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃‎, romanized: *ʾašdūd) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterranean coast 32 kilometres (20 miles) south of Tel Aviv and 20 km (12 mi) north of Ashkelon. Ashdod's port is the largest in Israel, handling 60% of the country's imported goods.

Ashdod
  • אַשְׁדּוֹד‎
City (from 1968)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259ʔašdod
Ashdod skyline
Sails Square
From top left: Minat al-Qal'a, Cultural Center, Aerial view of the port, View of the marina, Square of Candles, Ashdod at night, Big Fashion Store, Sculpture The eye of the sun.
Coat of arms of Ashdod
Coat of arms
Ashdod is located in Ashkelon region of Israel
Ashdod
Ashdod
Ashdod is located in Israel
Ashdod
Ashdod
Coordinates: 31°48′0″N 34°39′0″E / 31.80000°N 34.65000°E / 31.80000; 34.65000
Country Israel
DistrictSouthern
Founded1956 (Israeli city)
Government
 • MayorYehiel Lasri
Area
 • Total
47,242 dunams (47.242 km2 or 18.240 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
226,827
 • Density4,800/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Websitewww.ashdod.muni.il

Ashdod has a history spanning approximately 3,700 years.[2] In biblical times, it was one of the five principal cities of the Philistines. The city's name was later preserved in the Arab town of Isdud, which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In ancient times, Ashdod developed as an active maritime trade center, with its ports identified at Ashdod-Yam and Tel Mor. The remains of the ancient city and later settlements are located at Tel Ashdod.

Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills, 6 kilometers northwest of the ancient site.[3] It was incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. Alongside the port, the city hosts additional national infrastructure, making it an important industrial center. Dr. Yehiel Lasri has been the mayor of Ashdod since 2008. The city is a member of the Forum of 15 cities.

Since its establishment, Ashdod has absorbed extensive Jewish immigration from around the world, resulting in one of the highest percentages of new immigrants in Israel. The city is home to the largest Moroccan and Karaite Jewish communities in Israel,[4][5] and to the largest Georgian Jewish community in the world.[6] According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 226,827 in 2022,[1] with an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).[7]

History

Stone Age

Three stone tools dating from the Neolithic era were discovered, but no other evidence of a Stone Age settlement in Ashdod was found, suggesting that the tools were deposited there in a later period.[8]

Historical Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam

Main articles: Ashdod (ancient city) and Ashdod-Yam
 
The Madaba Map, showing the two cities of ΑϹΔⲰ... / ASDŌ... / Asdod (Tel Ashdod) and ΑΖⲰΤΟϹΠΑΡΑΛ[ΙΟϹ] / AZŌTOSPARAL[IOS] / Azotus-by-the-Sea (Ashdod-Yam)

The historical town of Ashdod (today referred to as Tel Ashdod / Isdud), was c. 6 km southeast of the center of the modern town. It dates to the 17th century BCE, and was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. The coastal site of Ashdod-Yam, today southwest of the modern city, was a separate city for most of its history.

The first documented urban settlement at Tel Ashdod / Isdud dates to the 17th century BCE, when it was a fortified Canaanite city.[9] It was destroyed at the end of the Late Bronze Age.

During the Iron Age, it was a prominent Philistine city, one of the five Philistine city-states. It is mentioned 13 times in the Hebrew Bible. After being captured by Uzziah, it was briefly ruled by the Kingdom of Judah before it was taken by the Assyrians. During the Persian period, Nehemiah condemned the returning Jews for intermarrying Ashdod's residents. Under Hellenistic rule, the city was known as Azotus. It was later incorporated into the Hasmonean kingdom. During the 1st century BCE, Pompey removed the city from Judean rule and annexed it to the Roman province of Syria. Ashdod was a bishopric under Byzantine rule, but its importance gradually slipped and by the Middle Ages it was a village.[10]

Ashdod-Yam, later known as Azotos Paralios, appears to have been first settled in the Bronze Age, gradually gaining in importance through the Iron Age.[11] In the Byzantine period the port town overshadowed in importance the city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios.[11][12] The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came under Muslim rule. The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus. A coastal fort "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" in Arabic) was erected by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, at or near the former Azotus Paralios,[13] which was later reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders.[14] The port city stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.[14]

Isdud before 1948

Isdud was to be part of the Arab Palestinian state according to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, but Egyptians defending Isdud withdrew in late 1948, causing most of Isdud's roughly 5,000 residents to flee.[15] The 300 townspeople who remained were driven southwards by the Israel Defense Forces.[16][17]

Foundation of modern Ashdod

 
Ashdod in 1960. Historical Isdud is south of the mapped area, shown on the adjacent map here
 
Isdud (Esdud) in 1870 overlaid with the outline of modern Ashdod
Maps comparing the location of historical Isdud (Esdud) and Minet el Kuleh, with modern Ashdod, founded in 1956 c.6km northwest of the ruins of Isdud,

The modern city of Ashdod was founded in 1956. On May 1, 1956, then finance minister Levi Eshkol approved the establishment of the city of Ashdod. "Ashdod Company Ltd.", a daughter company of City-Builders Company Ltd., was created for that purpose by Oved Ben-Ami and Philip Klutznick. The first settlers, 22 families from Morocco, arrived in November 1956, followed by a small influx of immigrants from Egypt.[18][19]

 
Ashdod in 1957

In July 1957, the government granted a 24 square kilometres (9 square miles), approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Tel Aviv, to the Ashdod Company Ltd., for building the modern city of Ashdod.[19] The building of the Eshkol A power station in Ashdod was completed in 1958 and included 3 units: 2 units of 50 megawatt, and one unit of 45 megawatt (with sea water desalination capabilities).

The city's development was made possible by the large investment of industrialist Israel Rogosin who opened his main Israeli factory in the city of Ashdod on August 9, 1960.[20][21] Three of the high schools he funded were also built in Ashdod.[22] The Main boulevard in Ashdod is named in his honour as a founder of the city.

The first local council was appointed in October 1959. Dov Gur was appointed the first local council head on behalf of the Israeli Ministry of Interior.[23] In 1961, Ashdod was a town of 4,600. The Magistrates' Court in the city was inaugurated in 1963. The building of the port of Ashdod began in April 1961. The port was inaugurated in November 1963, and was first utilized in November 1965, with the coming of the Swedish ship "Wiengelgad".[19] The city expanded gradually, with the construction of two quarters in the 1960s, followed by four more in the 1970s and two more in the 1980s. In 1972, the population was 40,300, and this grew to 65,700 by 1983.

Large-scale growth of the city began in 1991, with the massive arrival of immigrants from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia and infrastructure development. From 1990 to 2001 the city accepted more than 100,000 new inhabitants, a 150% growth.[24] Five more quarters of the city were completed, and a business district was built. In the 2000s, three more quarters and the marina districts were completed.

Ashdod was one of six cities that won the 2012 Education Prize awarded by the Israel Ministry of Education.[25]

Urban development

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19614,600—    
197240,300+776.1%
198365,700+63.0%
1995129,800+97.6%
2008204,300+57.4%
2016221,591+8.5%
 
Menachem Begin Boulevard

The modern city of Ashdod city was built outside the historic settlement site, on virgin sands. The development followed a main development plan.[26] The planners divided the city into seventeen neighborhoods of ten to fifteen thousand people. Wide avenues between the neighborhoods make traffic flow relatively freely inside the city. Each neighborhood has access to its own commercial center, urban park, and health and education infrastructure. The original plan also called for a business and administrative center, built in the mid-1990s, when the city population grew rapidly more than doubling in ten years.[24]

Three industrial zones were placed adjacent to the port in the northern part of the city, taking into account the prevailing southern winds which take air pollution away from the city.[26] The plan had its problems, however, including asymmetric growth of upscale and poorer neighborhoods and the long-time lack of a main business and administrative center.[27]

The city was planned for a maximum of 250,000 inhabitants, and an additional area in the south was reserved for further development.[26]

In 2012, a plan to build an industrial zone on part of the Ashdod Sand Dune was approved. The plan calls for a hi-tech industrial park, events halls, and coffee shops to be built adjacent to the train station. It will cover 400 dunams (0.4 km2; 0.2 sq mi), including 130 dunams of built-up space, with the rest of the area being preserved as a nature reserve.[28][29] In addition, the Port of Ashdod is undergoing a massive expansion program.[30]

Geography

The Ashdod-Nitzanim sand dune nature reserve is a 20-kilometer (12-mile) stretch of sand dunes on the southern outskirts of Ashdod.

Climate

Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, and cool, rainy winters. As a seaside town, the humidity tends to be high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March. In winter, temperatures seldom drop below 5 °C (41 °F) and are more likely to be in the range of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F), while in summer the average is 27 °C (81 °F). The average annual rainfall is 510 mm (20.1 in).

Economy

 
Port of Ashdod
 
Ashdod Sea Mall
 
Rogozin street, Rova Alef — former main "city square" before the rise of Rova HaKirya
 
BIG Fashion, Ashdod's biggest shopping mall

Ashdod is one of the most important industrial centers in Israel. All industrial activities in the city are located in northern areas such as the port area, the northern industrial zone, and around the Lachish River. The port of Ashdod is the largest port in Israel, handling about 60% of Israel's port cargo. It was mainly upgraded in recent years and will be able to provide berths for Panamax ships.[31][32] Various shipping companies offices are also located in the port area which also is home to an Eshkol A power station and coal terminal.

The Northern industrial zone is located on Highway 41 and includes various industry including an oil refinery, which is one of only two in the country. The heavy industry zone located south of the Lachish River was once the main industrial center in Ashdod. Recently, however, leisure facilities have moved into the area. There is still some industry here, however, such as a Teva Pharmaceutical Industries plant, construction components producer Ashtrom, and Solbar a soybean oil producer. Ashdod is also home to Elta, a part of Israel Aircraft Industries where radar equipment, electronic warfare systems, and ELINT are developed.

Retail and entertainment

 
Ashdod from above

Historically each neighborhood of Ashdod had its own commercial center. In 1990, however, when the mall shopping culture developed in Israel, the main commercial activity in Ashdod moved to malls. The first mall to open in Ashdod was the Forum Center in the industrial zone. Restaurants, bars and night clubs were opened in the area. Today, the Forum center is mainly used for offices. Lev Ashdod Mall, which opened in 1993, has been enlarged and upgraded since then.[33] Ashdod Mall, billed at the time as the city's largest shopping mall, has also been redesigned since its opening in 1995.[34] City Mall, Ashdod was opened in a combined building with the central bus station in 1996,[35] following the examples of the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Central Bus Station. The Sea Mall, a three-story mall near the government offices, has a climbing wall and movie theater. Star Center doubled in size in 2007.[36]

Education

In 2013, Ashdod had 500 schools employing 3,500 teachers. The student population was 55,000. The city's education budget was NIS 418 million shekels.[25]

Lycée français Guivat-Washington, a French international high school, is in Givat Washington, in proximity to Ashdod.[37]

Healthcare

 
Assuta Ashdod Medical Center

Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod's only general hospital, serves the city and the surrounding area. It is a 300-bed hospital, and its "bomb shelter" design with thick concrete walls offers sufficient protection so as to keep operating without having to transfer patients during a time of war. It is also a university hospital affiliated with Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.[38] The hospital opened in 2017. Prior to the opening of the hospital, Ashdod did not have a general hospital, and residents in need of hospitalization had to travel to Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot or Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon.

There are public and private clinics operating in the city. A special clinic run by Hatzalah operates at times when all other clinics in the city are closed.[39]

Transportation

 
Ashdod central bus station
 
Ashdod Marina

Road

 
Bus lanes in Herzl boulevard, Rova HaKirya

Ashdod is located on the historic Via Maris. Highway 4 was developed following this route along the southern sea shore of Israel; it serves as the main connection to the north, towards the Tel Aviv metropolitan area, and to the south, towards Ashkelon. Ad Halom junction was planned as the main entrance to the city from the east.[27]

Ashdod Interchange was opened in 2009.[40] The interchange continues the freeway section of Highway 4 further south, by removing the traffic light at this junction, and also added grade separation with the railway.[41] The other main road in the area is Highway 41 which served the city from the start of its modern history. This road runs from west to east towards Gedera and it is the main transport link to the port of Ashdod and the industrial zones, and connects to Highway 4 with an interchange.

In late 2012, Ashdod won a NIS 220 million grant from the MOT to improve public transportation and decrease private car use. by opening exclusive bus lanes along the main boulevards of the city, establishing a BRT system, smart bus stops equipped with touch screens and paving cycling and pedestrians-only lanes. In August 2019, the initial stage of the program, which was named 'Reway' was completed — with bus lanes established in Menachem Begin and Herzl boulevards. In early 2022, the second stage was completed too — adding bus lanes on Jabotinsky boulevard, commencing operation of the Reway control center and opening the Bnei Brit bus terminal at north.

Train

Main article: Ashdod Ad Halom Railway Station
 
Ashdod Ad Halom railway Station
 
Ad Halom (Ashdod South) interchange and the railway station

The passenger railway connection to Ashdod opened in 1992[42] after the renovation of the historical railway to Egypt.[43] Ashdod railway station is on Israel Railways' Binyamina/Netanya – Tel Aviv – Ashkelon line and it is located near Ad Halom Junction. The station was upgraded in 2003[42] when a new terminal building was built. The station building is modern, but proper road access to it was only organized on September 23, 2008, when a new road to the station was opened.[44]

There is also heavy freight traffic in the area. Port of Ashdod has its own railway spur line as well as a special terminal for potash brought from the Sodom area and exported abroad.

Buses

A new central bus station opened in 1996. It serves as the terminus both for inter- and intracity lines. The central bus station is attached to the City Mall. Intercity bus lines connect the city with most population centers in central and southern Israel. Following is the list of bus companies serving routes at the central bus station:

Company name Major destinations
Egged Jerusalem, a seasonal line to Eilat
Metropoline[45] Be'er Sheva, Kiryat Gat, Sderot, Netivot
Electra Afikim Tel Aviv (CBS and Arlozorov Terminal), Bar Ilan University, Tel HaShomer, Rishon LeTziyon, Rehovot, Yavne, Ashkelon, Kiryat Mal'akhi, Gedera, Gan Yavne
Electra Afikim Intracity service

Cruise ships and yachts

 
Ashdod beach

There is a passenger pier in the Port of Ashdod. The traffic at this gateway is constantly growing, especially due to cruise ship activities. The other sea gateway is Blue Marina.

Demographics

 
LaMimunia Moroccan culture center
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19614,600—    
197240,300+21.81%
198365,700+4.54%
199083,900+3.55%
1995125,820+8.44%
1996137,100+8.97%
2000174,224+6.17%
2001187,000+7.33%
2003192,200+1.38%
2006204,400+2.07%
2008209,200+1.17%
2016220,883+0.68%
Sources:

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of about 226,827 at the end of 2022, making it the sixth largest city in Israel.[1] The annual population growth rate is 2.6% and the ratio of women to men is 1,046 to 1,000. The population age distribution was recorded as 19.7% under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is significantly younger than the Israeli average because of the large number of young couples living in the city. The city is ranked medium-low in socio-economic grading, with a rating of 4 out of 10. 56.1% of 12th grade students in Ashdod were eligible for matriculation certificates in 2000. The average salary in 2000 was NIS 4,821 compared to the national average of NIS 6,835.

Immigrant absorption

 
Beit Canada Absorption Center

Ashdod has seen much of its growth as the result of absorption of immigrants. The first settlers were Jewish immigrants from Morocco and Egypt.[19] In the 1960s Ashdod accepted a large number of immigrants from Romania, followed by a large number from Georgia (then part of the Soviet Union) in the 1970s.[19] More than 60,000 Russian Jews from the former Soviet Union who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union settled in Ashdod. Recent demographic figures suggest that about 32%[48] of the city's population are new immigrants, 85% of whom are originally from the former Soviet Union. During the 1990s the city absorbed a large number of Beta Israel immigrants from Ethiopia, and in more recent years Ashdod absorbed a large number of immigrants from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Argentina, and South Africa. Many of the 60,000 Marathi-speaking Bene Israel from Maharashtra, India who moved to Israel also settled there. Ashdod also receives a significant amount of internal migration,[49] especially from the Gush Dan region.

Religion

 
Orot Haim yeshiva

Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, over 30% of Ashdod's population are Haredi. The Haredi population has been growing in Ashdod, and Haredi children make up the majority in the city's schools.[50]

The rapidly increasing Haredi population has caused some social and community tensions, particularly regarding the city's character, Mayor Lasri levying fines against retail stores if they are open on Shabbat,[51] and growing community tensions with secular Russian Jews.[52]

Despite this, the city is generally secular, although most of the non-Jewish population is a result of mixed marriages. About 100 families are affiliated with the Pittsburg Hasidic group, established there in 1969 by Grand Rabbi Avraham Abba Leifer and continued today by his son, Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer.[53] Ashdod has many synagogues serving different streams of Judaism. The city is also home to the world's largest[54] Karaite community, about five thousand strong.[55] There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.[56][57]

Local government

 
Ashdod city hall

Ashdod was declared a city in 1968. The Ashdod City Council has twenty-five elected members, one of whom is the mayor. The mayor serves a five-year term and appoints six deputies. The current mayor of Ashdod, Yehiel Lasri, was last elected in 2008 after Zvi Zilker has been in office continuously since 1989.[58] Within the city council there are various factions representing different population groups. The headquarters of the Ashdod Municipality and the mayor's office are at city hall. This new municipal building is located in the main culture and business area.

Mayors

 
Ashdod MonArt Arts Center

Culture and art

Music and performing arts

 
Amphi Ashdod - more than 6,400 seats
 
Outdoor sculpture of Samson in Ashdod

Ashdod is home to the Israeli Andalusian Orchestra, which performs Andalusian classical music. It is an Arabic music style that originates from Moorish Iberia or Al-Andalus, has been jealously preserved in its original form by Arab and Jewish musicians of the Maghreb over the centuries, and has left its mark on the cante flamenco, the flamenco singing style, perhaps better known in the West. The orchestra was awarded the Israel Prize in 2006.[59][60]

Ashdod also has one of the biggest open theaters in Israel - Amphi Ashdod that can hosts more than 6,400 guests. The Amphi hosts Ashdod's international art festival "Méditerranée".

The MonArt Centre for the Arts, which includes a ballet school, a music center and the Ashdod Museum of Art,[61] is a performing arts center which comprises different galleries, art schools, studios and events. The ambitious architectural complex[61] has been inaugurated in 2003. Theatre and concerts are hosted in several cultural venues; the most important are performed at the Ashdod Performing Arts Center, a new 938-seat concert hall[62] of distinct elegance and originality designed by Israeli architect Haim Dotan[63] and inaugurated in 2012 in the city's cultural center. Ashdod plays host to many national and international music festivals, including the annual Super Jazz Ashdod Festival managed by Leonid Ptashka.[64]

The ACADMA conservatory is a professional educational institute for music and performance studies based in Ashdod. Operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, the institute was established in 1966,[65] and serves as a home for 600 young musicians in different fields.

Museums

The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture[66] is worldwide the only museum dedicated to this topic. It reopened in 2014 with a new interactive exhibition. The Museum displays significant Philistine artifacts form each of the five cities in the Philistine pentapolis.

The Ashdod Museum of Art, located in the MonArt center (see above at "Music and performing arts"), has 12 galleries and two exhibition halls. In an architectural echo of the Louvre, the entrance to the museum is through a glass pyramid.[67] In 2003 the internal spaces of the museum were redesigned by the architects Eyal Weizman, Rafi Segal and Manuel Herz.

Sports

 
Yud-Alef Stadium

Ashdod's football team, F.C. Ironi Ashdod represents the city in the Israeli Premier League. The club is known for its successful football school. It is also home to Hapoel Ashdod F.C., which plays in Liga Alef. The city's top basketball team is Maccabi Ashdod. The men squad plays in First League, Israel's First tier league, and the women squad Maccabi Bnot Ashdod plays in top division.

Ashdod plays host to many national and international sporting tournaments, including the annual Ashdod International Chess Festival. The city has a cricket team,[68] a rarity in Israel. It is run and organized by citizens of Indian descent. Ashdod's beaches are a venue for water sports, like as windsurfing and Scuba diving. The Ashdod Marina offers yachting services.

Notable athletes from Ashdod include:

Twin towns–Sister cities

Ashdod is twinned with

Notable people

Past

Georgy Adelson-Velsky resided in the city from 1992 until his death in 2014

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ B.Frenkel (1990). The Philistines (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 119. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  3. ^ Karṭa (Firm) (1983). Carta's Official Guide to Israel: And Complete Gazetteer to All Sites in the Holy Land. State of Israel, Ministry of Defence Publishing House. p. 81. ISBN 978-965-220-047-1. Retrieved 2022-12-22. Tel Ashdod... Ancient tel, 7 km S. of modern Ashdod within abandoned Arab village of Isdud ...
  4. ^ "OlimByTown 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
  5. ^ "קהילת אשדוד - היהדות הקראית העולמית". www.karaite.org.il. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  6. ^ The chess queen was hosted in Ashdod Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine mynet, 19.03.09
  7. ^ "Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 – Municipality Profiles – Ashdod" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  8. ^ Moshe Dothan, Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969) (Iaa Reports) (v. 6), Israel Antiquities Authority, 2005, ISBN 978-965-406-178-0
  9. ^ Moshe Dothan (1990). Ashdod – Seven levels of excavations (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 91. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  10. ^ "Ashdod | Israel | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
  11. ^ a b "Introducing Ashdod-Yam: History and Excavations". Ashdod-Yam Archaeological Project, website of. The Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Institut für Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Universität Leipzig. 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  12. ^ "Azotus Paralus - (Ashdod, al-Minah)". A virtual travel through the Madaba Map. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem. 2000. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  13. ^ Reuven Vunsh, Oren Tal and Dorit Sivan (8 August 2013). "Horbat Ashdod-Yam". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  14. ^ a b Petersen, Andrew (2005). The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule AD 600–1600. BAR International Series 1381. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Publishing. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-84171-821-7.
  15. ^ "Zochrot - Isdud". Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  16. ^ "From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare". International Middle East media Center. April 13, 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  17. ^ Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  18. ^ Davis, Barry (7 November 2012). "Ashdod on offer | JPost | Israel News". JPost. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  19. ^ a b c d e R.Yaniv (1990). Ashdod. From repatriants settlement to the City (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 163. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  20. ^ "Rogosin Plant in Israel to Start Production of Nylon Yarn Today". August 8, 1960. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  21. ^ "Israel Rogosin Is Dead at 85; Textile Man and Philanthropist". The New York Times. April 29, 1971. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  22. ^ "Israel Rogosin Dedicates Three New Schools in Ashdod". February 15, 1968. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  23. ^ a b R.Yaniv (1990). Head of the local council and the city (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 179. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  24. ^ a b "Data of population in the city of Ashdod" (in Hebrew). The Center for Research and Information, Knesset. April 17, 2001. Archived from the original (Word) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  25. ^ a b Ziri, Danielle (17 February 2013). "Six cities across the country win 2012 education prize". Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  26. ^ a b c "Development Plan for city of Ashdod" (PDF) (in Hebrew). The Society of Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2007.
  27. ^ a b J. Herz U. Fogel (1990). New lineation plan to the city of Ashdod (in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 29. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
  28. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (2012-12-18). "Israeli greens up in arms over building plans on last stretch of major sand dunes Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper". Haaretz. Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  29. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (2012-07-06). "High-tech and banquets creep into Israel's last surviving dunes Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  30. ^ "Royal HaskoningDHV - Consultants, Project Managers and Engineers". Dhvgroup.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  31. ^ "Ashdod Port Development, Israel". Port Technology. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  32. ^ "Eitan Port – A NIS 3 Billion Project Among Israel's Largest Infrastructure Projects". Ports and Railways Authority. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  33. ^ kenyonim.com. "Lev Ashdod Mall" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  34. ^ Ashdod News (December 1, 2005). "Ashdod Mall closed its gates" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  35. ^ kenyonim.com. "City Mall, Ashdod" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  36. ^ "Filgar broaden Star Center cite in Ashdod" (in Hebrew). Debby Communications Ltd. 2006. Archived from the original (Word) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
  37. ^ "La maison" (Archive). Lycée français Guivat-Washington. Retrieved on September 17, 2015. "L 'Oulpena Francaise se trouve dans le campus de Guivat Washington, a un quart d`heure d`Ashdod"
  38. ^ "Friends of Assuta Ashdod". www.friendsofassutaashdod.org. Archived from the original on 2018-12-04. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  39. ^ "Hatzolah Darom - Emergency Response of Southern Israel - the Ashdod Clinic". Archived from the original on 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
  40. ^ "Ad Halom interchange was opened". MYnet. May 26, 2009. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  41. ^ "Government approved today (11/12/05) Minister of Finance and Minister of Transport proposal for a five-year plan for the design, development, paving, safety and maintenance of intercity roads, at a volume of NIS 19 billion". Israeli Ministries of Finance and Transport. December 11, 2005. Archived from the original (Word) on November 28, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
  42. ^ a b "The duplication of section Pleshet jnct. – Ashdod, Ad Halom and upgrading of railway station Ashdod, Ad Halom" (in Hebrew). Railway News Israel. May 30, 2004. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  43. ^ "General Information – Milestones". Israel Railways official site. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  44. ^ Harush, Yair (September 24, 2008). "New Access Road to the Railway Station Opened" (in Hebrew). Mynet. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  45. ^ "Metropoline line maps" (in Hebrew). Metropoline. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
  46. ^ City Population. "The districts of Israel and all Israeli cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants". Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
  47. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. "Latest Population Figures for Israel". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  48. ^ Ashdod Municipality. "Absorption and immigration". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
  49. ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Internal migration in Israel" (PDF). Labour Force Surveys. ISSN 0793-5382. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
  50. ^ Morris, Benny (2012-01-18). "How Ultra-Orthodox Are Harming Israel". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  51. ^ "'Character' of Israel seen at stake - Baltimore Sun". digitaledition.baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  52. ^ "The Issue That Finally Forced Russian-speaking Israelis to Take to the Streets". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  53. ^ "Overview of Pittsburgh: A Warm Hasidic Community in Ashdod, Israel". www.pittsburghdynasty.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-26. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  54. ^ Last Days Reporters. "7 Stages of the beginning of Judaism". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  55. ^ "קהילת אשדוד | היהדות הקראית העולמית". www.karaite.org.il.
  56. ^ Righteous Among the Nations, Norway. "Per Faye-Hansen". Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  57. ^ Bilateral Relations. "Per Faye-Hansen recognised as Righteous Among the Nations". Norway – the official site in Israel. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
  58. ^ Local council elections 2003 results Archived 2007-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. Haaretz (October 29, 2003). (in Hebrew)
  59. ^ Barnea, Or (April 4, 2006). "Israel Prize awarded to Dvora Omer". Ynetnews. Ynet. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
  60. ^ "Israel Prize Recipients 2006– Israeli Andalusit Orchestra" (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of Education. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
  61. ^ a b "Monart Arts Center". 2012-05-02. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  62. ^ "המשכן לאמנויות הבמה אשדוד". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  63. ^ "Haim Dotan". Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  64. ^ "White will light up Ashdod". jpost.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
  65. ^ Yannai, Bezalel (July 11, 2002). "Sounds from the South". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007.
  66. ^ "המוזאון לתרבות הפלשתים". Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  67. ^ Collins, Liat (September 18, 2008). "Ashdod has an artsy side". Jpost.com. Retrieved September 20, 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  68. ^ Kaplan, Reuven. "Cricket Revolution in Ashdod" (in Hebrew). Ashdod News. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  69. ^ "Identity. Vered Borochovsky". The-sports.org. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  70. ^ "Bordeaux - Rayonnement européen et mondial". Mairie de Bordeaux (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  71. ^ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-02-07. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  72. ^ "Ashdod, jumelée à Bordeaux le 7décembre 1984" (in French). Official Bordeaux website. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  73. ^ "Bahía Internacional Ciudades Hermanas" (in Spanish). Official Bahia Blanca website. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  74. ^ "Städtepartnerschaften des Bezirks Spandau" (in German). Official Spandua website. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  75. ^ "Tampa Sister Cities". Official site for the city of Tampa, Florida. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  76. ^ "С сегодняшнего дня у Тирасполя ещё один побратим – город-герой Волгоград". Ольвия-пресс. 2006-04-12. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  77. ^ ""Города содружества Тирасполя"". Новости Приднестровья. 2013-04-18. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  78. ^ "Израиль | Официальный сайт Государственной администрации г.Тирасполя и г.Днестровска". tirasadmin.org. Retrieved 2021-08-06.
  79. ^ Harosh, Yair (4 November 2011). "אשדוד חתמה ברית ערים תאומות עם ז'פורוז'יה" [Ashdod signed a twin city agreement with Zaporizhzhia]. Yediot Ahronot. Archived from the original on 2013-11-23. ראש עיריית אשדוד, ד"ר יחיאל לסרי: "ז'פורוז'יה היא העיר הראשונה בין מדינות חבר העמים שאשדוד חותמת איתה הסכם, אך לא תהיה האחרונה. אני מעוניין שז'פורוז'יה תהיה מודל לכינון יחסים בין ערים תאומות"
  80. ^ "Ašdoda (Izraēla)" (in Latvian). Jūrmalas dome. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2017.

Bibliography

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashdod.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ashdod.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashdod&oldid=1258372635#History"