The concept of holistic national security (Chinese: 总体国家安全观; pinyin: Zǒngtǐ guójiā ānquán guān), also translated as comprehensive national security,[1] is a principle of national security policy defined by Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping in 2014. According to this principle, dimensions such as economic security, cybersecurity, and energy security are viewed as necessary to traditional national security concerns.
Development
editXi Jinping introduced the concept of holistic national security in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security."[2]: 3 Holistic national security also emphasizes the need for energy security.[3]: 77
Xi created National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party, which focuses on holistic national security and addresses both external and internal security matters.[4]: 180 The concept has since been used as a tenet of the CCP's Global Security Initiative.[5]
In April 2021, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security was established at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) in order to further develop the concept of holistic national security.[6]: 37 Yuan Peng was the Centre's secretary general during his term as CICIR president.[6]: 37 Researchers at the Centre view "great economic change" as an important component of "great changes unseen in a century."[6]: 41
In a text issued in 2021, the Centre wrote that holistic national security threats are likely to emerge in "new frontiers" like polar regions, deep sea, the internet, artificial intelligence, and space.[6]: 49 In this view, the development of these new frontiers creates uncertainty because they do not have clear geographical borders and therefore transcend traditional ideas of sovereignty.[6]: 49
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Corff, Oliver (2018). ""Rich Country, Strong Army": China's Comprehensive National Security". Federal Academy for Security Policy. JSTOR resrep22151.
- ^ Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0. JSTOR 10.7312/shin21000.
- ^ Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-25231-8.
- ^ Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. doi:10.1515/9781503634152. ISBN 978-1-5036-3088-8. OCLC 1331741429.
- ^ John S., Van Oudenaren (October 4, 2022). "Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy: Roadmap to Global Leadership?". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
- ^ a b c d e Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.