Hoplolaimus galeatus (Crown-headed lance nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.
| Crown-headed lance nematode | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Nematoda |
| Class: | Secernentea |
| Order: | Tylenchida |
| Family: | Hoplolaimidae |
| Genus: | Hoplolaimus |
| Species: | H. galeatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Nemonchus galeatus | |
History
editHoplolaimus galeatus was discovered by Nathan Cobb in 1913, originally named Nemochus galeatus. In 1935 Nemochus galeatus was reclassified as Hoplolaimus galeatus and described, in detail, by Thorne.,[1]
Distribution
editH. galeatus Can be found worldwide in North America, Sumatra, Central and South America, India and Tanzania. In the United States H. galeatus has been reported along the east coast, along the Mississippi river, Colorado and Southern California.[2][3][4]
Morphology
editH. galeatus is described as being a relatively large nematode (1.1–15.mm) with a large heavily defined cephalic framework, including a large stylet with tulip shaped knobs. The nematode has a cuticle with 4–6 layers. The lips are offset with 4–5 annules, which are divided into tile-like structures. The nematodes body is slightly curved when relaxed.[4][5] Females have two ovaries which overlap the spermatheca. The vulva is found near the center of the body and the rectum near the tip of the tail. Males are smaller than the female, have an arcuate spicules, gubernaculum with titillate and a broad striated bursa.[5]
Life cycle and reproduction
editNot much is known with regards to the lifecycle of H. galeatus.[6]
Host parasite relationship
editH. galeatus has a very wide host range. While it is most important on turfgrass, it is known to infect; alfalfa, apple, beans, bananas, cabbage, chrysanthemums, clover, corn, cotton, oak, peanuts, peas, pine, sweet potatoes, sycamore, and wheat.[2][3] H. galeatus is a migratory endoparasitic nematode but can also be found feeding semi-endoparasitically.[7] Due to the migratory nature of the nematode, large necrotic lesions form in the plants root system as the nematode moves and feeds.[8]
Management
editChemical treatments are not as effective on H. galeatus as they are on other nematodes.[3] Pre-planting dips[9] may be an effective way to ensure that turf being planted does not carry over nematodes to the planting site. There are also many cultural practices that can reduce or prevent the population of H. galeatus. Some of these practices include; adequate watering, limiting activity on the turf, making certain the soil is aerated, applying fertilizers and avoidance of shaded areas when planting.[2][3]
References
edit- ^ Krall, E. L. 1985. Root Parasitic Nematodes Family Hoplolaimidae. Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, pg 96.
- ^ a b c MacGowan JB, Dunn RA. 1989. Hoplolaimus galeatus: lance nematode on St. Augustinegrass from Florida.. Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry. Nematology Circular 161. Gainesville, FL
- ^ a b c d Crow, W. T., Brammer, A. S. 2001. Lance Nematode, Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb, 1913) Thorne, 1935 (Nematoda: Secernentea: Tylenchida: Tylenchoidea: Hoplolaimidae). University of Florida IFAS Extennsion. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu Archived 2009-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Fortuner, R.1991. The Hoplolaiminae. W.R. Nickle ed., Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y. pp. 669-720
- ^ a b Thorne, G., and R. B. Malek. 1968. Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nema: Secernentea) Tech. Bull. S. Dak. Agric. Exp. Sin. 31.
- ^ Ferris H. 2012. Hoploaimus galeatus. Nemaplex. http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex/Taxadata/G063s2.HTM. 7/9/2013.
- ^ Evans, K., Trudgill, D.L., Webster, J.M., 1993. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture. University Press, Cambridge. Pg 31
- ^ Crow, W.T. (2001). Nematode management for golf courses in Florida. Univ. of Fla. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in124 (31 July 2001).
- ^ Johnson, A.W. 1970. Control of the Lance Nematode, Hoplolaimus galeatus, on 'Tifdwarf' Bermudagrass by Chemical Dips. Journal of Nematology. Vol.2 No. 2. 179-181.