Wikipedia

Horst Köhler

This article is about the politician. For other people, see Köhler. For the German Olympic equestrian, see Horst Köhler (equestrian).

Horst Köhler (German: [ˈhɔʁst ˈkøːlɐ] ⓘ; born 22 February 1943) is a German politician who served as President of Germany from 2004 to 2010. As the candidate of the two Christian Democratic sister parties, the CDU (of which he is a member) and the CSU, as well as the liberal FDP, Köhler was elected to his first five-year term by the Federal Convention on 23 May 2004 and was subsequently inaugurated on 1 July 2004. He was reelected to a second term on 23 May 2009. Just a year later, on 31 May 2010, he resigned from his office in a controversy over a comment on the role of the German Bundeswehr in light of a visit to the troops in Afghanistan. During his tenure as president, whose office is mostly concerned with ceremonial matters, Köhler was a highly popular politician, with approval rates above those of both Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and later Chancellor Angela Merkel.[1]

Horst Köhler
Köhler in 2004
President of Germany
In office
1 July 2004 – 31 May 2010
ChancellorGerhard Schröder
Angela Merkel
Preceded byJohannes Rau
Succeeded byJens Böhrnsen (acting)
Managing Director of the
International Monetary Fund
In office
1 May 2000 – 4 March 2004
First DeputyStanley Fischer
Anne Osborn Krueger
Preceded byMichel Camdessus
Succeeded byRodrigo Rato
President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
In office
September 1998 – April 2000
Preceded byJacques de Larosière
Succeeded byJean Lemierre
President of the
German Savings Banks Association
In office
1993–1998
Preceded byHelmut Geiger
Succeeded byDietrich H. Hoppenstedt
State Secretary in the
Ministry of Finance
In office
1990–1993
Serving with Peter Klemm, Franz-Christoph Zeitler
ChancellorHelmut Kohl
MinisterTheo Waigel
Preceded byHans Tietmeyer (1989)
Succeeded byGert Haller
Personal details
Born (1943-02-22) 22 February 1943 (age 81)
Heidenstein, General Government, Nazi Germany (now Skierbieszów, Poland)
Political partyChristian Democratic Union (1981–)
SpouseEva Bohnet
ChildrenUlrike
Jochen
Parent(s)Eduard Köhler
Elisabeth Bernhard
Alma materUniversity of Tübingen
Occupation
  • Politician
  • Civil Servant
  • Banker
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

Köhler is an economist by profession. Prior to his election as president, Köhler had a distinguished career in politics and the civil service and as a banking executive. He was president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1998 to 2000 and head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2000 to 2004. From 2012 to 2013, Köhler served on the UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.[2]

Early life

edit

Köhler was born in Skierbieszów (then named Heidenstein), in the General Government area of German-occupied Poland, as the seventh child of Elisabeth and Eduard Köhler, into a family of Bessarabian Germans from Rîșcani in Romanian Bessarabia (near Bălți, present-day Moldova). Horst Köhler's parents, ethnic Germans and Romanian citizens, had to leave their home in Bessarabia in 1940 during the Nazi-Soviet population transfers that followed the invasion of Poland and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which awarded Bessarabia to the Soviet Union. As part of the Generalplan Ost, they were resettled in 1942 at Skierbieszów, a village near Zamość, Poland (then part of the General Government). As the Wehrmacht was pushed back and the first parts of Poland had to be abandoned in 1944, the Köhler family fled to Leipzig. In 1953, they left the Soviet Zone – via West Berlin – to escape from the communist regime. The family lived in refugee camps until 1957, when they settled in Ludwigsburg. Horst Köhler hence spent most of his first 14 years as a refugee.

Studies and military service

edit

A teacher recommended that the refugee boy Köhler should apply for the Gymnasium, and Köhler took his Abitur in 1963. After two years of military service at a Panzergrenadier battalion in Ellwangen, he left the Bundeswehr as Leutnant der Reserve (Reserve Lieutenant). He studied and finally gained a doctorate in economics and political sciences from the University of Tübingen, where he was a scientific research assistant at the Institut für Angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung [de] from 1969 to 1976.

Career in the civil service

edit

Köhler joined the civil service in 1976, when he was employed in the Federal Ministry of Economics. In 1981, he was employed in the Chancellory of the state government in Schleswig-Holstein under Prime Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. The following year, Köhler was made head of the Ministers office in the Federal Ministry of Finance, upon Stoltenberg's recommendation. He rose to Director General for financial policy and federal industrial interests in 1987. In 1989 he became Director General for currency and credit.

Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance

edit

A member of the CDU since 1981, he was Secretary of State in the Federal Ministry of Finance from 1990 to 1993, and as such, the administrative head of the Ministry and the deputy of the Federal Minister of Finance (Theodor Waigel). In that capacity, he served as a "sherpa" (personal representative) for Chancellor Helmut Kohl, preparing G7 summits and other international economic conferences. As secretary of state, Köhler negotiated both the German-German monetary union[3] and the final withdrawal of Soviet troops from the GDR in 1994.[4] Besides, he was chief negotiator for the Maastricht Treaty on European Monetary Union, which led to the creation of the euro as the Union's single currency.

Köhler also played a central role in organizing the enormously expensive privatization of state businesses in Eastern Germany. He organized the Treuhand, the agency charged with selling 11,000 rusting and moribund companies.[5]

Career in banking 1993–2000

edit

Between 1993 and 1998 he served as President of the association of savings banks in Germany, Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband.

In 1998 Köhler was appointed president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and settled in London, where the headquarters of the bank is located. At the EBRD, he took over in September 1998, when the bank was facing annual losses of $305 million, largely due to the financial collapse of Russia. He took stock of the situation, then began to refocus the EBRD's notoriously lax investment policies and tighten up on opulence at the bank itself.[6] At the same time, he was widely reputed to clash with his American vice president, Charles Frank, and other EBRD officials reportedly complained about his temper and management style.[7]

Head of the International Monetary Fund, 2000–2004

edit
 
Köhler as head of the IMF, discussing debt relief for developing countries with the musician Bono

Köhler was appointed managing director and Chairman of the executive board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2000. The government of Gerhard Schröder nominated him after their first nominee, Caio Koch-Weser, was rejected by the United States.[8] Though respected, Köhler was not a particularly well known or prestigious figure in international financial circles.[9] At the time, he was one of three candidates for the IMF position, with Japan having put forward its former deputy finance minister Eisuke Sakakibara and several African nations backing Stanley Fischer.[10]

In one of his first moves at the IMF, Köhler joined British Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown in hosting a gathering of anti-poverty activists to discuss an international campaign to write off billions of dollars in debts that developing nations owe the IMF, World Bank and other government creditors.[11]

Before entering the office of managing director, Köhler had spent time in Indonesia during the 1997 Asian financial crisis and thereafter cited it as an example of the fund's tendency towards intrusive micromanagement.[12] Instead, he intended to focus the Fund primarily on broad economic management and to reduce overlapping activity with the World Bank.[13] Shortly after taking office in 2000, he established the Financial Sector Review Group under the leadership of John Lipsky to provide an independent perspective on the Fund's work on international financial markets, In March 2001, on the group's recommendations, he created the International Capital Markets Department, a unit to anticipate and head off financial crises in countries to which the fund makes loans.[14]

In 2001, Köhler recommended naming Timothy Geithner to replace Stanley Fischer as deputy managing director; instead, the US government under President George W. Bush successfully pushed for Anne O. Krueger to take the position.[15]

In order to accept his nomination as presidential candidate, Köhler left the IMF a year before his term was scheduled to end in May 2005. Among his accomplishments were overseeing debt crises in Brazil and Turkey and expanding debt relief for the world's poorest countries. He had less success resolving the continuing debt problems in Argentina.[16]

He lived in Washington, D.C., from 2000 to 2004.

9th president of Germany, 2004–2010

edit
 
Horst Köhler and Václav Havel, 2000

On 4 March 2004, Köhler resigned his post with the IMF after being nominated by Germany's conservative and liberal opposition parties as their presidential candidate. As these parties controlled a majority of votes in the Bundesversammlung (an electoral college consisting of the membership of the Bundestag and an equal number of delegates appointed by the legislatures of each state), the result of the vote amounted to essentially a foregone conclusion, but was closer than expected. Köhler defeated Gesine Schwan on the first ballot by 604 votes to 580; 20 votes were cast for minor candidates, while one elector was absent because of a heart attack. Köhler succeeded Johannes Rau as president on 1 July 2004, for a five-year term. Germany's presidency is a largely ceremonial office, but is also invested with considerable moral authority. From 2004 until early 2006, Charlottenburg Palace was the seat of the President of Germany, whilst Schloss Bellevue was being renovated.

Upon his election, Köhler, a conservative German patriot, said that "Patriotism and being cosmopolitan are not opposites." Die Welt wrote, "He appeared an enlightened patriot who genuinely loves his country and is not afraid to say so". Presenting his visions for Germany, Köhler also said that "Germany should become a land of ideas", and emphasized the importance of globalization, and that Germany would have to compete for its place in the 21st century. Domestically, President Köhler became concerned with the question of how to preserve and create jobs in an internationally competitive environment.[17]

During his presidency, Köhler gained a reputation for regularly voicing his opinion on foreign policy matters. He called for "globalization with a human face" and became a strong advocate of poverty eradication.[18] In his inaugural speech, Köhler had set his focus on a "fair partnership with Africa" which he described as a question of European self-respect:

"In my view, the humanity of our world can be measured against the fate of Africa. Do Europe's self-respect, its foundations, values and history, not require it to play an honest and generous role in Africa?"[19]

Throughout his six years as president, Köhler "worked hard to put Africa on the top of Germany's political agenda", according to Deutsche Welle.[20] One of his trademark projects was the Partnership with Africa initiative, which brought together heads of state, entrepreneurs, intellectuals and students from Africa and Europe to create a "dialogue of equals".[21] Through unapologetic criticism of both Europe's negligence of the African continent and of sensitive issues in African politics, including corruption, Köhler gained wide popularity across Africa.[22]

On the eve of his resignation, Köhler presented his book Schicksal Afrika,[23] an edited volume on the continent's future with contributions from 41 authors, including former African Presidents Thabo Mbeki and John Kufuor as well as Nobel Prize Literature Laureate Wole Soyinka.

By the summer of 2005, he was Germany's most popular political figure, with an approval rating of 72 percent, according to a poll published in Der Spiegel.[24]

In July 2005, he dissolved the Bundestag at Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's request, after the latter had lost a motion of confidence in the Bundestag. This led to early election for the Bundestag in September 2005.

In August 2005, Köhler attended the memorial ceremony for Brother Roger, the founder of the Taizé Community, an ecumenical monastic community in Burgundy.[25]

 
Horst Köhler in Brackenheim after unveiling a bronze statue of Theodor Heuss

In October 2006, Köhler made a far-reaching decision by vetoing the bill which would transfer Germany's Air Safety Administration Deutsche Flugsicherung into private ownership. The Bundestag passed this legislation but as president, Köhler was authorized not to sign it into law if, in his opinion, it contravened the constitution. In December 2006 he did not sign the Consumer Information Law (which intended to make information collected by public food safety agencies available to consumers), because the constitution does not allow the federal government to instruct municipal authorities. This can only be done by the German states. There had only been six previous occasions when Germany's president had chosen to reject bills, in most instances less important legislation had been involved. His vetoes were the first notable examples in recent German history.

In March 2007, Köhler turned down a politically contentious request for clemency by Christian Klar, a terrorist from the far-left Red Army Faction. His meeting with Klar had drawn protests from conservative politicians, who said Klar had shown no remorse for his crimes. The president also denied clemency to another member, Birgit Hogefeld.[26]

In his 2007 Christmas address to the nation, Köhler urged the government to push ahead more quickly with reforms. He was also critical of the introduction of the minimum wage in the postal sector (which had led to the loss of 1,000 jobs at Deutsche Post rival PIN Group), stating that "a minimum wage that cannot be paid by competitive employers destroys jobs".[27]

On 22 May 2008, Köhler announced his candidacy for a second term as president. On 23 May 2009 he was re-elected by the Federal Assembly,[28] and was sworn into office for a second term on 1 July 2009.

Resignation

edit

On 31 May 2010, Köhler announced his resignation as President of Germany.[29] This came after German politicians criticised comments made by Köhler in relation to overseas military deployments:[30]

In my estimation, though, we – including [German] society as a whole – are coming to the general understanding that, given this [strong] focus and corresponding dependency on exports, a country of our size needs to be aware that where called for or in an emergency, military deployment, too, is necessary if we are to protect our interests such as ensuring free trade routes or preventing regional instabilities which are also certain to negatively impact our ability to safeguard trade, jobs and income. All of this should be discussed and I think the path we are on is not so bad.

— Horst Köhler, Interview with Deutschlandradio, 22 May 2010[31]

After coming under criticism for his statements that Germany's military missions abroad also served to secure trade, critics accused him of advocating the use of "gunboat diplomacy".[32] He subsequently stated that his comments referred to piracy off the coast of Somalia. Köhler stated that there was no substance to accusations that in the interview he had overstepped his formal role by favoring an unconstitutional position. After getting no substantial support in the dispute, Köhler stepped down on 31 May 2010, issuing a statement saying "I declare my resignation from the Office of President, with immediate effect."[33] The resignation was considered a "surprise",[34] and both pundits and opposition politicians labeled it "an overreaction".[35][36] The following days he was criticized for not being able to handle criticism while being a rigorous critic himself. His unprecedented act of immediate resignation was also considered showing a lack of respect for his position.[37]

As stipulated by the German constitution, the powers of the vacant office were executed by the current President of the Bundesrat, Jens Böhrnsen, until Christian Wulff was elected president on 30 June 2010. Wulff himself resigned less than two years later after allegations of corruption were levelled against him. Wulff resigned on 17 February 2012 and was succeeded by Joachim Gauck.

Post-presidency

edit
 
Horst Köhler as member of the UN High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

Since leaving office, Köhler continues to voice his opinion on selected foreign and domestic policy matters, most notably on Europe-Africa relations, the global fight against poverty and climate change as well as on the need for a new spirit of global partnership.[38]

Between 2010 and 2011, Köhler served as member of the Palais Royal Initiative, a group convened by Michel Camdessus, Alexandre Lamfalussy and Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa to reform the international monetary system.[39]

From 2012 to 2013, Köhler served on the United Nations' High-level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, which was co-chaired by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia, and Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom.[40] The advisory board was established by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to shape the global development agenda beyond 2015, the target date for the Millennium Development Goals. The Panel produced a final report with recommendations and thereby contributed in the making of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which was adopted by all UN member states in September 2015.[41]

Within Germany, Köhler is widely regarded as one of the country's most experienced experts on Africa, although he himself has publicly rejected this label, saying in his speech "On the impossibility of speaking of Africa": "The more I learned about Africa, the more I realized how much there still was to learn".[42]

On several occasions, Köhler has officially represented Germany as former president. Köhler took part in Namibia's 25th Independence Day festivities and represented Germany at President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta's inauguration ceremony in Mali the same year.[43] Since 2016, Köhler co-chairs, together with former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, a Special Panel of the African Development Bank (AfDB).[44]

In 2017, Köhler was appointed by António Guterres as his new special envoy for Western Sahara, in charge of restarting talks between Morocco and the Polisario independence movement over the disputed territory.[45] In that capacity, Köhler invited the foreign ministers of Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania as well as the secretary general of the Polisario Front in late 2018 for a meeting in Geneva to broker a settlement over the territory;[46] this marked the first time in six years that the involved parties met for negotiations. In 2019, he left his post on health grounds.[47]

Köhler is also working for numerous charities and non-profit organizations, and continues to hold an honorary professorship at the University of Tübingen, his alma mater.[48] Since his retirement from German and European politics, he has held a variety of positions, including:

Personal life

edit

Köhler is married to Eva Köhler, a teacher. They have two children, a daughter Ulrike (born in 1972) and a son Jochen (born in 1977), as well as four grandchildren.[64] Köhler is a member of the Protestant Church in Germany. A passionate swimmer, runner and cross-country skier, Köhler chooses to spend much of this time in nature.[65] Together with his wife, Köhler currently lives in Berlin and Chiemgau.

Honours

edit

German orders

edit

State orders

edit

Federal orders

edit

Foreign orders

edit

Prizes and awards

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Landler, Mark (2005-07-04). "Suddenly, in the Limelight, the President of Germany". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  2. ^ UN Secretary-General appoints Horst Köhler to High-level Advisory Panel; News Corner of the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations - New York; from 01. August 2012
  3. ^ "- Sarrazin: Deutsch-deutsche Währungsunion war alternativlos". Deutschlandfunk Kultur (in German). 28 June 2010. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  4. ^ Strohmeier, Gerd; Wittlinger, Ruth (2010-03-01). "Parliamentary Heads of State: Players or Figureheads? The Case of Horst Köhler". West European Politics. 33 (2): 237–257. doi:10.1080/01402380903538856. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 154522953.
  5. ^ Edmund L. Andrews (March 15, 2000), Man in the News; In the Midst of Upheaval, Yet Out of Public Sight: Horst Kohler New York Times.
  6. ^ Michael M. Phillips, Cecilie Rohwedder and Erik Portanger (March 15, 2000), IMF Candidate Koehler Brings Solid Experience Wall Street Journal.
  7. ^ Michael M. Phillips, Cecilie Rohwedder and Erik Portanger (March 15, 2000), IMF Candidate Koehler Brings Solid Experience Wall Street Journal.
  8. ^ Geoff Winestock (March 14, 2000), EU Votes Unanimously to Support Germany's Koehler for IMF Post Wall Street Journal.
  9. ^ Edmund L. Andrews (March 8, 2000), New Candidate Proposed for I.M.F. Wall Street Journal.
  10. ^ Geoff Winestock (March 14, 2000), EU Votes Unanimously to Support Germany's Koehler for IMF Post Wall Street Journal.
  11. ^ Michael M. Phillips (September 27, 2000), IMF's Koehler Wins Over Skeptics Amid Tough Time for Global Lender Wall Street Journal.
  12. ^ Alan Beattie (July 19, 2008), Suharto and the crisis of Asian crony capitalism, January 1998 Financial Times.
  13. ^ Joseph Kahn (August 8, 2000), An Effort by U.S. to Change the I.M.F. Is Set Back New York Times.
  14. ^ David Stout (March 2, 2001), I.M.F. Creates Unit to Spot Early Signs of Foreign Crises New York Times.
  15. ^ Joseph Kahn (June 8, 2001), A Stanford Economist to Be No. 2 at I.M.F. New York Times.
  16. ^ Richard Bernstein (March 5, 2004), Monetary Fund Chief Is Expected to Be President of Germany New York Times.
  17. ^ "www.bundespraesident.de: Der Bundespräsident / Reden / Rede von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler beim Arbeitgeberforum "Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft" in Berlin". www.bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  18. ^ "www.bundespraesident.de: Der Bundespräsident / Speeches / Citation by Federal President Horst Köhler on the occasion of the award of the International Charlemagne Prize to President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi of Italy". www.bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  19. ^ "www.bundespraesident.de: Der Bundespräsident / Speeches / Inaugural Address by President Horst Köhler to the German Bundestag 1 July 2004". www.bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  20. ^ "Future of Koehler's African projects uncertain after resignation | DW | 02.06.2010". DW.COM. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  21. ^ "Future of Koehler's African projects uncertain after resignation | DW | 02.06.2010". DW.COM. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  22. ^ "Future of Koehler's African projects uncertain after resignation | DW | 02.06.2010". DW.COM. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  23. ^ Sturm, Daniel Friedrich (2011-05-22). "Flucht aus dem Amt: Warum Horst Köhler nicht mehr Präsident sein wollte". DIE WELT. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  24. ^ Mark Landler (July 4, 2005), Suddenly, in the Limelight, the President of Germany New York Times.
  25. ^ John Tagliabue (August 24, 2005), At His Funeral, Brother Roger Has an Ecumenical Dream Fulfilled New York Times.
  26. ^ Mark Landler (March 5, 2004), Germany: No Pardons For 2 In Terrorism Gang New York Times.
  27. ^ Stuttgarter Zeitung, 29 December 2007 (German)
  28. ^ "German president wins re-election". BBC News. 23 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  29. ^ "Bundespräsident Köhler zurückgetreten" (in German). AFP. 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  30. ^ "German President Koehler quits amid row over military". BBC News. 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  31. ^ Ricke, Christopher (22 May 2010). "Sie leisten wirklich Großartiges unter schwierigsten Bedingungen". Deutschlandradio. Meine Einschätzung ist aber, dass insgesamt wir auf dem Wege sind, doch auch in der Breite der Gesellschaft zu verstehen, dass ein Land unserer Größe mit dieser Außenhandelsorientierung und damit auch Außenhandelsabhängigkeit auch wissen muss, dass im Zweifel, im Notfall auch militärischer Einsatz notwendig ist, um unsere Interessen zu wahren, zum Beispiel freie Handelswege, zum Beispiel ganze regionale Instabilitäten zu verhindern, die mit Sicherheit dann auch auf unsere Chancen zurückschlagen negativ durch Handel, Arbeitsplätze und Einkommen. Alles das soll diskutiert werden und ich glaube, wir sind auf einem nicht so schlechten Weg.
  32. ^ Gerrit Wiesmann (June 3, 2010). "Wulff lined up to be next German president". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
  33. ^ "Controversy Over Afghanistan Remarks: German President Horst Köhler Resigns". Der Spiegel. 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  34. ^ Walker, Marcus (31 May 2010). "German President Horst Köhler Steps Down". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  35. ^ "Reaktionen zum Köhler-Rücktritt: 'Ich kann es kaum glauben'". Der Spiegel (in German). 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  36. ^ "Der Bundespräsident im Porträt" (in German). ARD. 31 May 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  37. ^ "Pressestimmen zum Köhler-Rücktritt: Der 'Absteiger des Jahres' stürzt sich selbst". Der Spiegel (in German). 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  38. ^ "Bundespräsident a.D. Horst Köhler - Person, Themen, Reden und Texte". Bundespräsident a.D. Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  39. ^ Reform of the International Monetary System: a Cooperative Approach for the Twenty-First Century 2011.
  40. ^ "The Secretary-General's High-Level Panel of eminent persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda". United Nations Secretary-General. 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  41. ^ "UN Secretary-General On The Report Of The High-Level Panel Of Eminent Persons On The Post-2015 Development Agenda". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  42. ^ Köhler, Horst (2015-07-03). "On the Impossibility of Speaking of Africa: Essay Based on a Speech at the Africa Days of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research on March 18, 2014". Africa Journal of Management. 1 (3): 257–263. doi:10.1080/23322373.2015.1056997. ISSN 2332-2373. S2CID 155035726.
  43. ^ "BUNDESPRÄSIDENT : Köhler vertritt Gauck in Afrika - DER SPIEGEL 42/2013". Der Spiegel. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  44. ^ "Launch of Special Panel on Accelerating the Implementation of the Bank's Ten Year Strategy". African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  45. ^ Michelle Nichols (June 2, 2017), U.N. chief to name ex-German president as Western Sahara envoy Reuters.
  46. ^ Tom Miles (October 1, 2018), U.N. invites Western Sahara parties for new talks in December Reuters.
  47. ^ German ex-President Horst Köhler quits UN Western Sahara role Deutsche Welle, May 23, 2019.
  48. ^ "Ex-President Köhler settles score over shock resignation". www.thelocal.de. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  49. ^ Foundation set up to safeguard Scope’s European identity Archived 2020-12-04 at the Wayback Machine Scope Group, press release of September 3, 2020.
  50. ^ About Us Aktion Deutschland Hilft.
  51. ^ Member Club of Madrid.
  52. ^ "Friedrich August von Hayek Stiftung: Kuratorium". www.hayek-stiftung.de. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  53. ^ "Hermann Kunst-Stiftung". www.uni-muenster.de. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  54. ^ "Friede Springer Stiftung". Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
  55. ^ Board of Trustees Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
  56. ^ Bundespräsident a.D. Prof. Horst Köhler engagiert sich am Wittenberg-Zentrum für Globale Ethik Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Wittenberg Center for Global Ethics, press release of February 10, 2011.
  57. ^ "Emerging Markets Forum".
  58. ^ "Launch of Special Panel on Accelerating the Implementation of the Bank's Ten Year Strategy". African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  59. ^ "Partners • Operndorf Afrika".
  60. ^ "The Horst Köhler Fellowship Programme" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  61. ^ "Organisation und Team • Stiftung Weltethos für interkulturelle und interreligiöse Forschung, Bildung und Begegnung". www.weltethos.org. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
  62. ^ "Honorary members • Members • Club of Rome". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
  63. ^ Honorary Senators Archived 2017-09-02 at the Wayback Machine University of Tübingen.
  64. ^ "Horst Köhler". Nndb.com. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  65. ^ "Lebenslauf und Aktivitäten von Bundespräsident a.D. Horst Köhler". Bundespräsident a.D. Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  66. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (PDF) (in German). p. 1580. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  67. ^ "Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentė". grybauskaite1.lrp.lt. Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  68. ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  69. ^ "Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ritarikunnan suurristin ketjuineen ulkomaalaiset saajat - Ritarikunnat". 9 October 2020.
  70. ^ Gotha.fr Archived 2013-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, State visit of Germany to the Netherlands, 2007, Photo Archived 2013-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
  71. ^ "Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer". www.kongehuset.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2019-08-15.
  72. ^ "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  73. ^ The National German Sustainability Award Archived 2016-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ^ "Startseite". foes.de. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  75. ^ Care Millennium News (September 10, 2015, CARE-MILLENNIUMSPREIS FÜR HORST KÖHLER, available at a; https://www.care.de/meldungen/meldung/News/detail/care-millenniumspreis-fuer-horst-koehler/ Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ IFW Winners of Global Economy Prize 2017 Announced, available at: https://www.ifw-kiel.de/events-1/global-economy-prize/global-economy-prize-2017[permanent dead link‍]
edit
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Horst Köhler.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horst Köhler.
Business positions
Preceded by
Helmut Geiger
 President of the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband
1993–1998 		Succeeded by
Dietrich Hoppenstedt
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by President of the European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
1998–2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
2000–2004 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
Peter Klemm
 Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance
1990–1993 		Succeeded by
Franz-Christoph Zeitler
Preceded by President of Germany
2004–2010 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Köhler&oldid=1258700994"