Unless the copyright status of the text of this page or section is clarified and determined to be compatible with Wikipedia's content license, the problematic text and revisions or the entire page may be deleted one week after the time of its listing (i.e. after 07:08, 4 November 2024 (UTC)). Until then, this page will be hidden from search engine results until the copyright issue is resolved.
What can I do to resolve the issue?
If you hold the copyright to this text, you can license it in a manner that allows its use on Wikipedia.
To confirm your permission, you can either display a notice to this effect at the site of original publication or send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-enwikimedia.org or a postal letter to the Wikimedia Foundation. These messages must explicitly permit use under CC BY-SA and the GFDL. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials.
Note that articles on Wikipedia must be written from a neutral point of view and must be verifiable in published third-party sources; consider whether, copyright issues aside, your text is appropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia.
Otherwise, you may rewrite this page without copyright-infringing material. Your rewrite should be placed on this page, where it will be available for an administrator or clerk to review it at the end of the listing period. Follow this link to create the temporary subpage. Please mention the rewrite upon completion on this article's discussion page.
Simply modifying copyrighted text is not sufficient to avoid copyright infringement—if the original copyright violation cannot be cleanly removed or the article reverted to a prior version, it is best to write the article from scratch. (See Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing.)
For license compliance, any content used from the original article must be properly attributed; if you use content from the original, please leave a note at the top of your rewrite saying as much. You may duplicate non-infringing text that you had contributed yourself.
It is always a good idea, if rewriting, to identify the point where the copyrighted content was imported to Wikipedia and to check to make sure that the contributor did not add content imported from other sources. When closing investigations, clerks and administrators may find other copyright problems than the one identified. If this material is in the proposed rewrite and cannot be easily removed, the rewrite may not be usable.
Place {{copyvio/bottom}} at the end of the portion you want to blank. If nominating the entire page, please place this template at the top of the page, set the "fullpage" parameter to "yes", and place {{copyvio/bottom}} at the very end of the article.
Horvat Mazad (Hebrew: חורבת מצד; also known as Khirbet el-Qasr, 'the citadel' in Arabic) is an archaeological site in Israel, located on a strategic hill rising to a height of 530 m above sea level, overlooking the road from Emmaus to Jerusalem. Excavations conducted at the site between 1977 and 1980 revealed a long settlement sequence dating back from the Late Bronze Age to the Mamluk and Ottoman periods.[1]
Horvat Mazad foundation is attributed to the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, when a stone complex was built covering an area of 2000 square meters. It included a tower with four rooms and a courtyard. After his death, the site was abandoned and probably repopulated during the reign of King Herod. During this period, the place became a fortified Hasmonean farm and agricultural facilities were installed including plastered water cisterns and baking ovens. The mikveh, stone tools and the lack of pig bones are evidence of the Jewish character of the place which reached its peak in the first century CE, until the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War.[1]
In the spring of 68 CE, soldiers of the Fifth Legion took over nearby Emmaus. According to the thickened walls at the site, Fisher assumes that the local residents were preparing for the arrival of the Roman Legion.[1] He speculates that at this point the site was abandoned in light of the Fifth Legion's ascension towards Jerusalem. After the site was destroyed, the site was not inhabited. Ceramic and numismatic finds from the Middle Roman period were found at the site, which can probably be linked to Roman military activity there.[1]
The archaeological finds at the site indicates it was inhabited from the Late Bronze Age to the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The first finds are attributed to the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, as the main findings include coins,[2] a casement, carved and plastered spaces, baking ovens, fortified walls and buildings remains dating to the Hasmonean period. During this period, a mikveh was also carved. The stone tools at the site and the absence of pig bones, indicate the site was inhabited by Jews.[1][2] From the Roman period, the remains of fortified walls were discovered, fragments of a milestone dating to 162 CE, is evidence of a Roman road during the days of Marcus Aurelius,[2] as well as a coin discovered with a chariot imprint of the Legio X Fretensis.
From the Crusader period, there are few ceramic findings. This proves once again that the Crusaders preferred to reach Jerusalem by other routes and not via Emmaus. From the Mamluk period as well as from the Ottoman period, ceramic findings were found that indicate the use of the site as a road station.[2]
A dirt road marked in red leads to the ruin from the College Forest within the Neve Ilan Forest.
