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Hosea 8

Hosea 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Hosea in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] In the Hebrew Bible it is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[3][4] This chapter contains prophecies attributed to the prophet Hosea, son of Beeri, about the impending destruction of Israel and Judah[a] for their impiety and idolatry.[5]

Hosea 8
4Q166 "The Hosea Commentary Scroll", late first century B.C.
BookBook of Hosea
CategoryNevi'im
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part28

Text

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The original text was written in Hebrew. Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 BCE) with extant verse 1.[7][8][9][10]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q;  Q; 6th century).[11][b]

This chapter is divided into 14 verses.

Contents and commentary

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Verse 1

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Put the trumpet to your lips!
One like an eagle is over the house of the Lord!
Because they have violated my covenant,
and rebelled against my law.[13]

The editors of the New American Bible Revised Edition suggest that the eagle mentioned in this verse may refer to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, who overran the land of Israel in 733 B.C.[14] Thomas Kelly Cheyne reads "great emotion" in the short clauses of this verse.[15]

Verse 7

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For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind:
it hath no stalk; the bud shall yield no meal: if so be it yield, the strangers shall swallow it up.[16]

"For they have sown the wind, and they shall reap the whirlwind" is considered a proverb which states that works have rewards and actions have consequences, especially that people may face negative consequences for their bad actions.[17] Several works of fiction have the title "Reap the Whirlwind".

Verse 9

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For they have gone up to Assyria,
like a wild donkey alone by itself;
Ephraim has hired lovers.[18]
  • "Gone up": reflecting Israel's sunken state, and Assyria's superiority, because normally the foreigners were said to "go up" when they come to the land of Israel.[5]
  • "To Assyria" may refer to the request of Menahem for help from Pul, the king of Assyria, to put him on the throne (cf. Hosea 5:13; 7:11). Menahem's name is found as a tributary to the Assyrian king in his 'eighth year' in inscriptions discovered in the southwest palace of Nimrod.[5] The dynasty of Pul ('Phalluka') was supplanted by that of Tiglath-Pileser III at Nineveh about 768 (or 760) BCE.[5]
  • "Wild ass": of the East or "pere", is "heady, unruly, undisciplinable" (cf. Job 11:12; Abraham was told that Ishmael would be one in Genesis 16:12), "obstinate, running with swiftness far outstripping the swiftest horse", without rule or direction. However, the one breaking away alone would expose itself for a prey to lions (cf. "the wild donkey is the lion's prey in the wilderness"; Ecclesiasticus 13:19). Israel had become "stubborn, heady, selfwilled, refusing to be ruled by God's law and His counsel", but instrad running to the Assyrian, then would perish there.[19] This is a figure of Israel's headstrong perversity in following her own bent (Jeremiah 2:24).[5]
  • "Hired lovers": or "sued for lovers", in contrast of being independent by going alone, Ephraim lost independence by soliciting help from foreign allies.[20]

Verse 11

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Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin,
altars shall be unto him to sin.[21]
  • "Many altars to sin": The altars were built not with an intention to commit sin, but to offer sacrifice for sin (make atonement for it). However, they are directed to idols, not the God of Israel, so the people sinned in making these and also caused sin for other people who followed their example. This refers to the action of king Jeroboam of Israel, who erected altars in Dan and Bethel, and caused the people to build the altars in all high places, and tops of mountains, where they sacrificed to idols, against the commandment of God, who required sacrifice only at one place, and on one altar (Deuteronomy 12:5).[22]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Judah is mentioned just once, in verse 14
  2. ^ Book of Hosea is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[12]

References

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  1. ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary. 24th edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1965. p. 355
  2. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. ^ Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  4. ^ Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
  5. ^ a b c d e Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. 1871.
  6. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  7. ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 594.
  8. ^ Dead sea scrolls - Hosea
  9. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  10. ^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  11. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  12. ^ Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
  13. ^ Hosea 8:1: New American Bible Revised Edition
  14. ^ Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Footnote a at Hosea 8:1, accessed 30 November 2023
  15. ^ Cheyne, T. K. (1884), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Hosea 8, accessed 30 November 2023
  16. ^ Hosea 8:7: KJV
  17. ^ Benson, Joseph. Commentary on the Old and New Testaments: Hosea 8, accessed 9 July 2019
  18. ^ Hosea 8:9 MEV
  19. ^ Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Old Testament. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  20. ^ Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ^ Hosea 8:11 KJV
  22. ^ John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Hosea 8. Published in 1746-1763.

Sources

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Jewish

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Christian

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