Hossein Qoli Khan (Persian: حسینقلی خان), or Abu Qadareh (Arabic: ابو قَدَّارَة), was a Feyli lur emir (prince) and vali of Ilam (lurestan Pisht-e-Kuh) region of Qajar Iran.
Hossein Qoli Khan Abu Qaddara | |
|---|---|
 The reconstructed image of Hossein Qoli Khan | |
| Preceded by | Abbas Qoli Khan |
| Succeeded by | Ghulamreza Khan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hossein Qoli Feyli 1834 Ilam province |
| Died | 1 July 1914 Najaf, Ottoman Empire |
| Resting place | Najaf, Iraq |
| Nationality |  Iran |
| Spouses | Malekzadeh, Nazara, Hajiyeh, Hamida |
| Children | Gholamreza Khan Feyli Alireza Khan Feyli |
| Occupation | Politician, state ruler |
| Nickname | Abu Qaddara Sarim-ol-Saltana Amir-e-Ashraf Amir-e-Touman |
Life and rule
editHossein Qoli Khan was born in 1834 as the son of another Feyli leader who ruled over his own land. He rebelled against his father Abbas Qoli Khan in his youth and was exiled for several years and wandered around in the Feyli cities of Khanaqin and Mandali, which were under the Ottoman Empire. Hossein Qoli Khan later returned to Persia to continue his rebellion. In the conflict between Hossein Qoli Khan and Abbas Qoli Khan, many nobles and military leaders supported Abbas Qoli Khan, leading Hossein Qoli Khan to take refuge once again in Ottoman land. During his next rebellion, with the support and military assistance of the leader of the Balavand Kurdish tribe, Lotf Ali Khan Esfandiari, the ruler of Holeylan,[1][2] Hossein Qoli Khan was able to win over Abbas Qoli Khan and dominated the modern day Ilam province, which he would rapidly grow his control after. Hossein Qoli Khan's territory included the entire Pisht-e-Kuh, which is made up of modern day Ilam province, parts of Kermanshah province, Lorestan province, Khuzestan province, and the Kurdish parts of Diyala Governorate. Hossein Qoli Khan's sovereignty over Pisht-e-Kuh was recognized by the Qajar dynasty government.[3]
His power was so much that it had aroused the attention of foreign travel writers from Europe. Jacques de Morgan, during his visit to Pisht-e-Kuh, noted that the locals always spoke high of Hossein Qoli Khan and every time they were asked about Pisht-e-Kuh they would say "it all belongs to our governor".[4]
He ruled from 1863 to 1900 in Pisht-e-Kuh with authority. During this time, he not only created order and peace in his territory, but also managed to suppress the separatist rebellions that were created in the north of Khuzestan, Lorestan and even Kermanshah. Hossein Qoli Khan was a contemporary of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, and Hossein Gholi Khan Ilkhani. In Naser al-Din's official book, the name of Hossein Qoli Khan is mentioned among the powerful individuals of the country. Hossein Qoli Khan was given titles such as Saram-al-Saltana, Sardar-e-Ashraf, and Amir-e-Toumani by the central government and the Iranian army, and he received a jewelled sword from Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, and because of this sword, he became known as Abu Qadara, meaning "father of the sword" in Arabic. There was no tension between Hossein Qoli Khan and the Qajar dynasty during his entire rule. Although a kind of mistrust was seen from both sides towards each other, this mistrust never led to a conflict and Hossein Qoli always moved with approval of the Qajar government.[5][6]
Rule
editDuring this time, he not only established order and peace in his territory, but also succeeded in suppressing the rebellions created in northern Khuzestan, Lorestan, and even Kermanshah that caused unrest in the region. During his rule, Ilam went through a period of rebirth in art, poetry, literature and architecture. The Vali also stood well against the Sunni Ottoman and Orthodox Russian aggression against the Ilam region, he carried out brutal attacks and massacres against them.[7]
Family life
editHossein Qoli Khan was a Twelver Shia Muslim and so was his family. He had many wives, which included two Kurdish sisters named Malekzadeh and Hamida, who were actually the daughters of Lotf Ali Khan Esfandiari. He also married two Arab women named Nazara, the daughter of Hatem Bey from the Jodki tribe, and Hajiya, the daughter of Muhammad Sharif, from an Arab tribe in Zurbatiyah. Hossein Qoli Khan had only two sons, one was Gholamreza Khan from Nazara, and the other was Alireza Khan from Malekzadeh. Hossein Qoli Khan's other wives did not have children.[8]
Later life and death
editIn 1914, Hossein Qoli Khan's son, Gholamreza Khan, deposed him in a coup d'état. Gholamreza Khan exiled his father along with his father's government to the neighboring Ottoman Empire. Hossein Qoli Khan chose to live in Najaf, likely due to its religious significance among Twelver Shias. He lived in Najaf until his death on 1 July, 1914, aged 80.[9][10]
Appearance and skills
editHe was described by as having a regal appearance, gentlemanly, and youthful. He was very tall, also had a long Sunnah beard, and long hair and was fair-skinned.[11]
A Portuguese traveler described him as "beautiful, handsome and very appealing; unusually tall, of a well-framed figure; stout and large, with broad shoulders. His hair is black; he wears an unusually long beard and uses his left hand instead of his right. He is brave as a Caspian tiger and stronger than any of his masters; in the archery contests and fencing, of the ten apples struck down, he knocks down eight, and in battle he cuts off seven. The Feylite prince (Vali), respected for his pomp and religious observances, but feared for his ruthlessness".[12]
Legacy
editHussein Qoli Khan was also a poet and painter, he devoted much of his time to poetry and art. He was described as a pious Shiite Muslim, and as a protector of the faith, as he contributed to the construction of Shiite mosques and defended his kingdom against Sunnis and Christians.[13]
Name
editHossein Qoli Khan was known as Abu Qadara. Many reasons have been narrated for this nickname. The name in Arabic literally means "father of the sword". It was alleged that during the time of the Ottomans, a number of Arabs attacked the border of Iran in the city of Changuleh, who were captured by Hossein Qoli Khan and had their ears cut off with a sword. Hossein Qoli then released them as a message to the rulers of Baghdad.[14]
In fact, the most important reason given for the naming of Hossein Qali Khan as Abu Qadara was the suppression of Arabs from across the border. Nasser Rad believes that this nickname was given to him by the Bani Tarif Arab tribe, whom Hossein Qoli Khan defeated in a battle.[15]
"He pushed back the Arab clans who had come to Iran to the banks of the Tigris River, and took a lot of casualties and loot from them, and that is why Hossein Qoli Khan became known as Abu Qadara in Mesopotamia, and he took that name with pride".[16]
He was also nicknamed "Abu Saif":
"The Governor of Pushtkoh, Hossein Qoli Khan Abu Qadara, was given those names by the Arabs of Iraq and the tribe of Banu Lam, because this governor and his people used to steal from them and harassed them, they nicknamed him "Abu Qadara" and "Abu Saif", which means "the owner of the sword".[17]
References
edit- ^ چریکف، سیاحتنامه، ص ۹۷.
- ^ مرادی مقدم، مراد، تاریخ سیاسی-اجتماعی کُردهای فیلی در عصر والیان پشتکوه (ایلام)، ص ۹۰.
- ^ سردار ظفر بختیاری، خاطرات و یادداشتها، تهران: انتشارت یساولی، ص ۲۵۸–۲۵۹.
- ^ دومرگان ژاک. هیئت علمی فرانسه در ایران، کاظم ودیعی، تبریز: شفق، ۱۳۳۹، ص ۲۶.
- ^ "بررسی دوران حکومت حسینقلیخان ابوقداره والی مقتدر پشتکوه". کتابخانه، موزه و مرکز اسناد مجلس شورای اسلامی. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014.
- ^ "نگاهی به اوضاع اجتماعی - سیاسی خاندان ابوقداره". هفته نامه سیمره ۱۸ شهریور ۱۳۹۴. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
- ^ "هفته نامه سیمره - نگاهی به اوضاع اجتماعی - سیاسی خاندان ابوقداره". 2015-05-18. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ راد، ناصر. تاریخ سرزمین ایلام، اراک: ارغنون، ۱۳۷۴، ص ۲۲۴–۲۲۵.
- ^ خاطرات ظفر حسن آبیک (افغانستان از سلطنت امیر حبیب الله خان تا صدارت محمد هاشم خان) / .نویسنده ظفر حسن آبیک ؛ مترجم فضل الرحمن فاضل. University of Arizona Libraries. 2004. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_ds361_hay59_1382.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
- ^ خاطرات ظفر حسن آبیک (افغانستان از سلطنت امیر حبیب الله خان تا صدارت محمد هاشم خان) / .نویسنده ظفر حسن آبیک ؛ مترجم فضل الرحمن فاضل. University of Arizona Libraries. 2004.
- ^ خاطرات ظفر حسن آبیک (افغانستان از سلطنت امیر حبیب الله خان تا صدارت محمد هاشم خان) / .نویسنده ظفر حسن آبیک ؛ مترجم فضل الرحمن فاضل. University of Arizona Libraries. 2004.
- ^ "هفته نامه سیمره - نگاهی به اوضاع اجتماعی - سیاسی خاندان ابوقداره". 2015-05-18. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ خیتال، جعفر. مجموعه آراء در مورد سرزمین پشتکوه ایلام، ایلام: اسماعیلی، ۱۳۶۹، ص ۱۳۸.
- ^ راد، ناصر. تاریخ سرزمین ایلام، اراک: ارغنون، ۱۳۷۴، ص ۲۲۴.
- ^ رزم آرا، حاج علی. جغرافیای نظامی ایران پشتکوه، بیجا، ۱۳۲۰، ص ۱۰۷.
- ^ ظلالسلطان، مسعود میرزا. خاطرات ظلالسلطان، به اهتمام حسین خدیو جم، بیجا، اساطیر، ۱۳۶۸، ص ۵۷۶.