A hot-cold empathy gap is a cognitive bias in which people underestimate the influences of visceral drives on their own attitudes, preferences, and behaviors.[1][page needed] It is a type of empathy gap.[1]: 27
The most important aspect of this idea is that human understanding is "state-dependent". For example, when one is angry, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one to be calm, and vice versa; when one is blindly in love with someone, it is difficult to understand what it is like for one not to be, (or to imagine the possibility of not being blindly in love in the future). Importantly, an inability to minimize one's gap in empathy can lead to negative outcomes in medical settings (e.g., when a doctor needs to accurately diagnose the physical pain of a patient).[2]
Hot-cold empathy gaps can be analyzed according to their direction:[2]
- Hot-to-cold: People under the influence of visceral factors (hot state) do not fully grasp how much their behavior and preferences are being driven by their current state; they think instead that these short-term goals reflect their general and long-term preferences.
- Cold-to-hot: People in a cold state have difficulty picturing themselves in hot states, minimizing the motivational strength of visceral impulses. This leads to unpreparedness when visceral forces inevitably arise.
They can also be classified in regards to their relation with time (past or future) and whether they occur intra- or inter-personally:[2]
- intrapersonal prospective: the inability to effectively predict their own future behavior when in a different state. See also projection bias.[3]
- intrapersonal retrospective: when people recall or try to understand behaviors that happened in a different state.
- interpersonal: the attempt to evaluate behaviors or preferences of another person who is in a state different from one's own.
Visceral factors
editVisceral factors are an array of influences which include hunger, thirst, love, sexual arousal, cravings for the drugs one is addicted to, physical pain, and desire for revenge. These drives have a disproportionate effect on decision making and behavior: the mind, when affected (i.e., in a hot state), tends to ignore all other goals in an effort to placate these influences. These states can lead a person to feel "out of control" and act impulsively.[4][5][6]
Areas of study
editBullying
editThe empathy gap has been an important idea in research about the causes of bullying.[7]: IV
Addiction
editGeorge F. Loewenstein explored visceral factors related to addictions like smoking. The factors have to do with drive states which are essential for living – for example, sleepiness and hunger. Loewenstein discovered that addicts mistakenly categorize their addiction as an essential living drive state due to a behavior disorder.[5]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Van Boven, Leaf; Loewenstein, George; Dunning, David; Nordgren, Loran F. (2013). "Changing Places: A Dual Judgment Model of Empathy Gaps in Emotional Perspective Taking" (PDF). In Zanna, Mark P.; Olson, James M. (eds.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 48. Academic Press. pp. 117–171. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407188-9.00003-X. ISBN 9780124071889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-28.
- ^ a b c Loewenstein, George (2005). "Hot-Cold Empathy Gaps and Medical Decision Making" (PDF). Health Psychology. 24 (4, Suppl): S49–S56. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S49. PMID 16045419. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-13.
- ^ Loewenstein, George (2000). "Emotions in Economic Theory and Economic Behavior" (PDF). American Economic Review. 90 (2): 426–432. doi:10.1257/aer.90.2.426. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-05.
- ^ Loewenstein, George (1996). "Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior" (PDF). Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 65 (3): 272–292. doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0028. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-06.
- ^ a b Loewenstein, George (1999). "A Visceral Account of Addiction" (PDF). In Elster, Jon; Skog, Ole-Jørgen (eds.). Getting Hooked: Rationality and Addiction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–264. ISBN 9780521640084. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01.
- ^ Risen, Jane L. (2007). "Visceral Influences". In Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412956253.n603. ISBN 9781412916707.
- ^ Robers, S., Zhang, J., and Truman, J. (2010). "Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2010" Archived 2013-02-27 at the Wayback Machine (NCES 2011-002/NCJ 230812). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, DC.
Further reading
edit- Metcalfe, Janet; Mischel, Walter (1999). "A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower". Psychological Review. 106 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.3. PMID 10197361.
- Van Boven, Leaf; Loewenstein, George (2003). "Social Projection of Transient Drive States". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 29 (9): 1159–1168. doi:10.1177/0146167203254597. PMID 15189611. S2CID 13252127.
- Ruttan, Rachel L.; Nordgren, Loran F. (2015). "Perceptions of Desire: A Hot-Cold Empathy Gap Perspective". In Hofmann, Wilhelm; Nordgren, Loran F. (eds.). The Psychology of Desire. ISBN 9781462521609.