The word "how" is a pop culture anglicization of the Lakota word háu, a Lakota language greeting by men to men.[1] The term how is often found in stereotypical and outdated depictions of Native Americans, made by non-Natives, in some Hollywood movies and various novels, e.g. those of James Fenimore Cooper or Karl May.
Background
edit
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives [haːʊ̯] ("how") as the pronunciation, and claims Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf had described the use of the term as an interjection of approval with the Wyandot (Hurons). De Brébeuf described individual speakers using Condayauendi Ierhayde cha nonhwicwahachen to signify the end of their speaking, which was answered by the community with a long "Hooow".[2]
Longman Webster[3] describes Howgh as a greeting of the Lakota, Dakota, and/or Nakoda peoples; giving "Háu kola" (Hallo friend) as a Lakota language greeting. However, it would be the only Lakota term using a diphthong and is possibly of external origin.[4] Dakota people and Omaha people use slightly different versions. Francis Parkman, in his book The Oregon Trail, gives a first-person account of three weeks spent hunting buffalo with a band of Oglala Lakota in 1846.[5] He mentions their use of "How". By 1900 "Good morning" was the preferred greeting among Omaha.[6]
Usage
editKarl May, in his works of fiction, used Howgh[7] similar to the Schweizerdeutsch closing particle "Ha gschlosse" (have closed), which is used by the speaker to indicate they are done speaking.[8] In both cases, he used the appropriated term to express a Rule of Order, and a longing for consensus.[8]
"Howgh", "Uff!", Manitou and Lakota "Hoka Hey" have had a major influence on the popular image of Native Americans in German-speaking countries. Howgh gained popularity as a reference to Native Americans through Cooper's and Parkman's books. By 1917, it was so stereotypically accepted that it found its way into US World War I propaganda depicting Native American soldiers:
[Wilhelm II] killum papoose und killum squaw, so Jo Fixum will find this Kaiser and stickum bayonet clear through. Ugh! [sic][9]
In the 1948 Tom and Jerry short "Kitty Foiled", Jerry and the canary say "How" as they dress themselves as Native Americans.
In the 1950s, "How" and primitive utterances like "Ugg-a-Wugg!" were used for two songs in two adaptations of Peter Pan; "What Made the Red Man Red?" in Walt Disney's 1953 animated film and "Ugg-a-Wugg" in Edwin Lester's 1954 musical. The latter featured white actors in stereotypical costumes, performing what they presented as "Indian" dance numbers and singing gibberish.[10]
Author Raymond Steadman was irritated by the usage of what he viewed as a stereotypical phrase, and closed[clarification needed] with "Reader gettum sick? Have-um enough?" [sic][11]
Howgh also appears in German pop songs depicting stereotypes of Native Americans, such as in "Indianer" by Nena (lyrics by Carlo Karges) and Gus Backus "Da sprach der alte Häuptling der Indianer" ("then spoke the old chieftain of the Indians", covered e.g. by Wildecker Herzbuben and Wirtschaftswunder[12]).
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Wolfgang Hochbruck: "I have spoken." Die Darstellung und ideologische Funktion indianischer Mündlichkeit in der nordamerikanischen Literatur. Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1991, ISBN 3-8233-4553-2 (ScriptOralia 32), (Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 1990).
- Raymond William Stedman: Shadows of the Indian. Stereotypes in American culture. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK et al. 1982, ISBN 0-8061-1822-9.
- April Renae S. Watchman: Howgh!! I have spoken, uff, uff!: Karl May and 19th century representations of American Indians, Thesis (M.A.) – Arizona State University, 2001, OCLC 49709527
References
edit- ^ "Hau/Han". Sinte Gleska University. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ Jean de Brébeuf Jesuit Relation 10, 1636, see Wolfgang Hochbruck "I have spoken" p. 36, and J. Axtell, The Indian People of Eastern America, Oxford 1981
- ^ Longman Webster English college dictionary. Harlow: Longman, 1984
- ^ Rood, David S., and Taylor, Allan R. (1996). Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I Archived 2012-07-12 at archive.today. Handbook of North American Indians, Band 17 (Languages), pp. 440–482.
- ^ see I have spoken, Hochbruck p. 153
- ^ The Conservative (Nebraska City, Neb.) 18. August 1898, Seite 3, von Laurence Laughlin, The Indians at Omaha,
- ^ Der Wortschatz Karl Mays, von Joachim Dietze, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim, 1999, ISBN 3487105357
- ^ a b Handbuch der Phraseologie, Harald Burger, Annelies Häcki Buhofer, Ambros Sialm, Brigit Eriksson, Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 1982, ISBN 3110080028, p. 116
- ^ American Indians in World War I: At home and at war, Thomas A. Britten, Verlag UNM Press, 1999, ISBN 0826320902
- ^ Cheu, Johnson (2013). Diversity in Disney Films. McFarland. pp. 9, 41. ISBN 9781476600093.
- ^ Steadman p. 71, in I have spoken, Wolfgang Hochbruck p. 153
- ^ Youtube, see 0.51.