Hugh Martin-Leake (28 October 1878 – 29 April 1977) was a British economic botanist who worked in India, primarily on the improvement of indigo and opium cultivation. He served as an economic botanist and as a director of agriculture in the United Provinces.
Martin-Leake was born in Hadley, Middlesex to William and Louisa Harriet (born Tennant) Martin-Leake and was educated at Dulwich and Christ College, Cambridge. After receiving a degree, he worked under Marshall Ward on plant diseases in hops. He applied for a position of biologist in Bihar and found the position already taken. In 1901 he was asked if he was interested since the previous holder had died from cholera. He took up the position and went to Muzaffarpur. He married Lois Millicent Frieda, the daughter of a chemist colleague of his, W.P. Bloxham.
His work on indigo involved the examination of different varieties and the genetic improvement of the crop. He also had to solve seed dormancy issues, which he achieved by having them fed to ducks or by mechanical abrasion. He collected varieties with the help of A.T. Gage (then at the Sibpur botanic gardens) going on tour across the region. His attempts however were cut short due to the decline in the indigo industry following the synthesis of aniline.[1] The research station at Pemberanda was placed under Bernard Coventry and Lord Curzon approved the development of agricultural research at Pusa. Leake was offered a position in the Indian Agricultural Service in 1904 and served briefly as garden in-charge at Saharanpur. Here he trained two Indian assistants for cotton breeding and one of them, Ram Prasad Singh (later Rai Sahib Ram Prasad Singh) became a cotton breeder of repute. Leake also worked on opium production with demand for morphine rising during World War I. He worked along with H.E. Annett on crop diversity in Papaver somniferum and morphine yields. He examined a measure that he called "effective rainfall", a cumulative measure of rain, and its effect on yield through statistical correlation.[2]
- Biologist to the Bihar Indigo Planters Association, Pemberanda 1901-1904
- Economic botanist, United Provinces 1904-1915
- Principal, Cawnpore Agricultural College 1915-1919
- Director of Agriculture, United Provinces, 1919-1923 (A predecessor was W.H. Moreland)
While serving as director of agriculture in the United Provinces, Martin-Leake sought to improve the system of agriculture that involved zamindars or land owners merely renting out land to the farmers to one that involved more cooperation. He attempted to improve a course for zamindars at the Cawnpore agricultural college but this was a failure. He helped develop a rocking microtome[3] and a seed-drill which he patented. During the First World War, he served as a captain in the 7th UP Horse IDF. Leake left India in 1923, and worked briefly in Sudan on cotton and also served as a principal at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad. He lived in 10, Queen Edith's Way, Cambridge around 1946 and served as an editor for the International Sugar Journal from 1932 to 1960. He lost vision in his later life and lived in Wardington with his wife and died in 1977.[4] A son, Cecil William Rhodes, who served in the 22nd Dragoons, R.A.C. died in the Second World War in April 1945 and was buried in Becklingen War Cemetery.[5]
Martin-Leake published several papers as well as some books, notably:
- Bases of Agricultural Practices and Economics in the United Provinces India (1920)[6]
- The Foundation of Indian Agriculture (1923)
- Land Tenure and Agriculture Production in the Tropics (1927)
- Recent Advances in Agriculture Plant Breeding (1933) with H.H. Hunter
- Things not Generally Said (1949)
References
edit- ^ Martin-Leake, Hugh (1975). "An Historical Memoir of the Indigo Industry of Bihar". Economic Botany. 29 (4): 361–371. doi:10.1007/BF02862183. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4253651. S2CID 37199512.
- ^ Leake, H. Martin (1928). "The Agricultural Value of Rainfall in the Tropics". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 103 (722): 82–96. Bibcode:1928RSPSB.103...82L. doi:10.1098/rspb.1928.0026. ISSN 0950-1193. JSTOR 81238.
- ^ Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 1901
- ^ Shah, N.C. (2002). "Hugh Martin Leake: a historical memoir" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 37 (4): 337–346.
- ^ Cambridge St. John's war memorial
- ^ Douie, J. M. (1921). "Review of The Bases of Agricultural Practice and Economics in the United Provinces, India". The Economic Journal. 31 (122): 258–260. doi:10.2307/2222833. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t0gt65214. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2222833.