Wikipedia

Hugo Dahmer

Hugo Dahmer (7 May 1918 – 1 August 2006) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 45, potentially 57, enemy aircraft shot down in 307 combat missions. This figure includes 26 aerial victories on the Eastern Front, and at least 19 victories over the Western Allies, including four four-engined bombers.

Hugo Dahmer
Born7 May 1918
Koblenz
Died1 August 2006(2006-08-01) (aged 88)
Troisdorf
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service / branchLuftwaffe
German Air Force
Years of service1938–1944
1956–1974
RankOberleutnant (Wehrmacht)
Oberstleutnant (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 26, JG 77, JG 5, JG 2
Commands1./JG 2
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Born in Koblenz, Dahmer served with Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26th—26th Fighter Wing) during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain. He claimed his first aerial victory on 16 May 1940. In early 1941, he was transferred to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which was based in Norway. When Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he claimed further aerial victories over the Soviet Air Forces and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in July 1941. In late 1942, Dahmer was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) which was fighting on the Western Front. On 17 August 1943, Dahmer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel of JG 2. He was severely injured in aerial combat on 11 September 1943. He never returned to combat operations, serving the rest of the war as an instructor. Following World War II, he served in the newly established West Germany's Air Force in the Bundeswehr. Dahmer died on 1 August 2006 in Troisdorf.

Career

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Dahmer was born on 7 May 1918 in Koblenz, at the time in the Rhine Province within the German Empire.[1] Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Jagdgeschwader 234 "Schlageter" (JG 234—234th Fighter Wing). On 16 August 1938, Dahmer crashed Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1 (Werknummer 447—factory number), the aircraft assigned to the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) Oberstleutnant Eduard Ritter von Schleich, on a maintenance flight near Düsseldorf.[3] On 1 November, this Gruppe became II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 132 "Schlageter" (JG 132—132nd Fighter Wing). On 1 May 1939, II. Gruppe of JG 132 was again renamed, receiving its final designation of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26th—26th Fighter Wing).[4]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. At the time, Dahmer was assigned to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 26, a Staffel of II. Gruppe.[5] On 16 May 1940 during the Battle of France, Dahmer claimed his first aerial victory. II. Gruppe engaged in aerial combat east Lille, claiming three aerial victories for the loss of one of their own. During this engagement, Dahmer claimed a Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter shot down near Tournai. Since the Armée de l'air reported no losses in this area of operations, the opponents may have been Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighters from No. 615 Squadron who lost three Hurricanes and claimed one Bf 109 fighter shot down.[6] On 28 May during the Battle of Dunkirk, Dahmer claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter shot down over the Thames Estuary.[7] The following day in aerial combat with RAF Spitfire fighters from No. 64, No. 229 and No. 610 Squadron, Dahmer claimed one of the Spitfires shot down near Dover.[8] On 7 June, Dahmer became a flying ace after he claimed two RAF Hurricane fighters from No. 43 Squadron shot down near Dieppe. These were also his last claims during the Battle of France.[9]

In August 1940 during the Battle of Britain, Dahmer was transferred to 6. Staffel of JG 26.[10] On 31 August, Dahmer claimed two aerial victories on two separate missions. JG 26 flew three combat air patrols to the northern banks of the Thames Estuary. Near Brentwood, Ebeling claimed a No. 56 Squadron Hurricane fighter shot down at 09:45. Later that day, he claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down near Gravesend.[11] On 24 September, on a mission to London, Dahmer was credited with shooting down a Hurricane fighter near Southend.[12] Six days later on 30 September, he claimed another Hurricane fighter destroyed. His opponent belonged to the No. 229 Squadron and was shot down near Tonbridge.[13] On 1 February 1941, Dahmer was transferred to 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which was based in Norway. Dahmer was never given a reason for this transfer. He assumed that he may have offended one of the officers.[14]

War on the Arctic Front

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On 1 February 1941, a new I. Gruppe of JG 77 was created under the command of Hauptmann Walter Grommes. This unit was based at Stavanger-Sola and was tasked with providing fighter escort for German shipping on the southern and western Norwegian coast. Command of 1. Staffel of JG 77 was given to Oberleutnant Horst Carganico.[15] On 4 June, 1. Staffel was detached from the Gruppe and relocated to Kirkenes Airfield in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[16][17] In northern Norway, 1. Staffel became part of IV. Gruppe of JG 77 which in September was referred to as Jagdgruppe z.b.V. Petsamo (zur besonderen Verwendung—for special deployment) and headed by Major Hennig Strümpell.[18]

 
JG 5 Emblem

German forces launched Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941.[19] On 25 June, the Staffel moved to Petsamo-Luostari as part of Operation Silver Fox.[20] During the following weeks, Dahmer claimed further aerial victories, not all of which can be exactly dated.[21] On 30 July, Dahmer was presented the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), the first pilot to receive this distinction on the Eismeerfront (Ice Sea Front)—the area of operations nearest the Arctic Ocean. The presentation was made by Carganico, his commanding officer.[22][Note 2] On 12 October, Dahmer led a formation which intercepted a flight of Tupolev SB-2 bombers from 137 BAP (Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionyy Polk—bomber aviation regiment) over Lake Tolvand. During this encounter, Dahmer shot down three of the SB-2 bombers.[24]

In January 1942, Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing) was newly created and placed under the command of Oberst Carl-Alfred Schumacher. On 3 January, I. Gruppe of JG 77 was renamed and became the I. Gruppe of JG 5. In consequence, 1. Staffel became the newly created 1. Staffel of JG 5. On 21 March, 1. Staffel was subordinated to II. Gruppe of JG 5, commanded by Strümpell, and became the 6. Staffel of JG 5.[25]

On the Western Front

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On 1 December 1942, Dahmer briefly returned to JG 26 before he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing).[26] Dahmer was assigned to 7. Staffel of JG 2 under command of Oberleutnant Erich Hohagen. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe of JG 2 headed by Hauptmann Egon Mayer and was based at Vannes, France.[27] On 23 January 1943, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) VIII Bomber Command attacked the U-boat base at Lorient. Defending against this attack, Dahmer claimed his first aerial victory with JG 2 when he shot down a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber.[28] On 6 March, the USAAF again attacked Lorient U-boat base and the port of Brest. That day, Dahmer claimed two B-17 bombers shot down.[29]

On 17 August 1943, Dahmer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel of JG 2. He replaced Oberleutnant Ferdinand Müller who had been killed in action the day before. The Staffel was subordinated to I. Gruppe of JG 2 under command of Hauptmann Hohagen.[30] On 11 September, Dahmer was shot down in aerial combat with Spitfire and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. Although he managed to bail out of his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 1171) 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) north of Rouen, Dahmer was severely injured.[31] On 1 January 1944, command of 1. Staffel of JG 2 was officially transferred to Oberleutnant Siegfried Lemke.[32] Due to his injuries, Dahmer never returned to combat operations, serving as an instructor.[10] During the final weeks of the war, he worked on the R4M unguided air-to-air rocket.[1]

Later life

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Following World War II, Dahmer joined the military service in the German Air Force, at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe of the Bundeswehr, joining in 1956. Attaining the rank of Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel), he was a specialist for under-wing rockets. Dahmer died on 1 August 2006 at the age of 88 in Troisdorf, Germany.[10]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Dahmer was credited with 57 aerial victories.[33] Obermaier lists him with 45 aerial victories, plus further twelve unconfirmed claims, achieved in 307 combat missions.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he was credited with more than 40 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 26 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and another 14 over the Western Allies, including three four-engined bombers.[34]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 14 West 4967". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[35]

Chronicle of aerial victories
- Unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Dahmer did not receive credit.
? Information discrepancies listed by Caldwell, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[36]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 16 May 1940 16:50?[Note 3] M.S.406 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Tournai[38] 4 7 June 1940 19:35 Hurricane south of Dieppe[39][40]
2 28 May 1940 12:50 Spitfire Thames Estuary[38][7] 5 7 June 1940 19:40 Hurricane south of Dieppe[39][40]
3 29 May 1940 19:00 Spitfire Dover[38][41]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[36]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 31 January 1941
6 31 August 1940 09:45 Hurricane Brentwood[42][43]
south of Gravesend
—
 28 September 1940
—
 Spitfire Canterbury[44]
7 31 August 1940 19:45 Spitfire Gravesend[42][43] 9 30 September 1940 10:25 Hurricane Tonbridge[45][46]
8 24 September 1940 10:55 Hurricane Southend[44][47]
—
 15 October 1940
—
 Spitfire east of London[45]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[36]
Eastern and northern Norway — 22 June – 5 December 1941
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Dahmer claimed his 10th to 36th aerial victories in the timeframe 22 June to 5 December 1941, one of which can't be dated.[48]
10 26 June 1941
—
 unknown[49] 24 22 August 1941
—
 unknown[50]
11 28 June 1941
—
 unknown[49] 25 23 August 1941
—
 unknown[50]
12 28 June 1941
—
 unknown[49] 26 26 August 1941
—
 I-153[51] Titovka[50]
13 29 June 1941
—
 unknown[49][52] 27 26 August 1941
—
 I-153[51] Titovka[50]
14 29 June 1941
—
 unknown[49][52] 28 26 August 1941
—
 I-153[51] Titovka[50]
15 29 June 1941
—
 unknown[49][52] 29 31 August 1941
—
 fighter aircraft Warlamowo[50]
16 2 July 1941
—
 unknown[53][52] 30 12 September 1941
—
 I-16[51][50]
17 7 July 1941
—
 fighter aircraft vicinity of Shonguy[53][51] 31 17 September 1941
—
 I-153[51] Zapadnaya Litsa[54]
18 8 July 1941
—
 fighter aircraft over the Zapadnaya Litsa bight[53][51] 32 19 September 1941
—
 I-153[51] Alakurtti[54]
19 9 July 1941
—
 SB-2 Murmansk[53][51] 33 28 September 1941
—
 fighter aircraft[51][54]
20 11 July 1941
—
 unknown[53][51] 34 12 October 1941
—
 SB-2 Alakurtti[48]
21 24 July 1941
—
 I-16[55][51] 35 12 October 1941
—
 SB-2 Alakurtti[48]
30 July 1941
—
 unknown[55][51] 36 12 October 1941
—
 SB-2 Alakurtti[48]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 –[36]
Eastern Front and northern Norway, and Finland — 6 December 1941 – February 1942
37 21 February 1942 11:15 Hurricane[56][57] 38 22 February 1942 12:10 LaGG-3 Titovka[56][58]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" –[36]
On the Western Front — 1 January – 16 August 1943
39?[Note 4] 23 January 1943 14:08 B-17 PQ 14 West 4967[59] 42 8 March 1943 14:15 B-17 PQ 15 West 3055[59]
40 6 March 1943 14:40 B-17 northwest of Lorient[59] 43?[Note 4] 16 August 1943 10:30 P-47 PQ 05 Ost 2075[59]
41?[Note 4] 6 March 1943 15:05 B-17 PQ 14 West 6825[59]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" –[36]
On the Western Front — 17 August – 11 September 1943
44 22 August 1943 19:55 Spitfire PQ 05 Ost SA-6/6, southwest of Bolbec[60] 45 6 September 1943 12:20 B-17 Villeneuve[60]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ^ According to Weal, Dahmer was awarded the Knight's Cross on 1 August 1941 for 22 confirmed aerial victories to date.[23]
  3. ^ According to Caldwell claimed at 16:31.[37]
  4. ^ a b c This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[36]
  5. ^ According to Scherzer on 30 July 1941 as pilot in the I./Jagdgeschwader 77.[62]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 99.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2000a, pp. 188, 200.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2000a, p. 186.
  5. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 88.
  6. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 26–27.
  7. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 31.
  8. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 32–33.
  9. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 37–38.
  10. ^ a b c d Dixon 2023, p. 89.
  11. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 65–66.
  12. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 77–78.
  13. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 79–80.
  14. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 99.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, pp. 133, 138.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 134.
  17. ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 47.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 415, 421.
  19. ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 22.
  20. ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 53.
  21. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 425–427.
  22. ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 67.
  23. ^ Weal 2016, p. 12.
  24. ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 85.
  25. ^ Mombeek 2003, pp. 97–98.
  26. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 306–307.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 496.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 486, 500.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2010, pp. 487, 500.
  30. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 438.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2010, p. 451.
  32. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 176.
  33. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1618.
  34. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 200–201.
  35. ^ Planquadrat.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 201.
  37. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 27.
  38. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2000b, p. 218.
  39. ^ a b Prien et al. 2000b, p. 219.
  40. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 38.
  41. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 33.
  42. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 310.
  43. ^ a b Caldwell 1996, p. 66.
  44. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 311.
  45. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 312.
  46. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 80.
  47. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 78.
  48. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 430.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 425.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003b, p. 428.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mombeek 2011, p. 257.
  52. ^ a b c d Mombeek 2011, p. 256.
  53. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 426.
  54. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 429.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 427.
  56. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 421.
  57. ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 258.
  58. ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 251.
  59. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2010, p. 500.
  60. ^ a b Prien et al. 2010, p. 444.
  61. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 156.
  62. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 264.

Bibliography

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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
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  • Mombeek, Eric (2011). Eismeerjäger—Zur Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 5—Band 4 [Fighters in the Arctic Sea—The History of the 5th Fighter Wing—Volume 4]. Linkebeek, Belgium: ASBL, La Porte d'Hoves. ISBN 978-2-930546-05-6.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 1—Vorkriegszeit und Einsatz über Polen—1934 bis 1939 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 1—Pre-War Period and Action over Poland—1934 to 1939] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-54-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10 May bis 25 June 1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/I—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/I—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-63-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/III—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/III—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-78-6.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2010). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/IV—Einsatz im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/IV—Action in the West—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-92-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2018). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-19-2.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Weal, John (2016). Arctic Bf 109 and Bf 110 Aces. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 124. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-798-2.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
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