The Hungarians in Ukraine (Hungarian: Kárpátaljai magyarok, Ukrainian: угорці в Україні, tr. uhortsi v Ukraini) number 156,600 people according to the Ukrainian census of 2001 and are the third largest national minority in the country. Hungarians are largely concentrated in the Zakarpattia Oblast (particularly in Berehove Raion and Berehove city), where they form the largest minority at 12.1% of the population (12.7% when native language is concerned). In the area along the Ukrainian border with Hungary (the Tisza River valley), Hungarians form the majority.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 156,600 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Zakarpattia Oblast | |
| Languages | |
| Predominantly Hungarian (95.4%),[1] Russian, Ukrainian, other | |
| Religion | |
| majority Calvinism, minority other branches of Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Ukrainians in Hungary and Hungarian diaspora |
Concentrated primarily in Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathian), in Hungarian those Hungarians are referred to as Kárpátaljai magyarok (Transcarpathian Hungarians), while Zakarpattia is referred to as Kárpátalja.
History
editThe region of Transcarpathia was part of Hungary since the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the end of the 9th century to 1918. Historically it was one of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown before it was detached from the Kingdom of Hungary and provisionally attached to the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1918, following the disintegration of Austria-Hungary as a result of World War I. This was later confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
The Zakarpattia region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918 and occupied by the Kingdom of Romania at end of that year. It was later recaptured by Hungary in the summer of 1919. After the defeat of the remaining Hungarian armies in 1919, the Paris Peace Conference concluded the Treaty of Trianon that awarded Zakarpattia to the newly formed Czechoslovakia as the Subcarpathian Rus, one of the four main regions of Czechoslovakia, the others being Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.[2]
Hungary had sought to restore its historical borders and the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. On 2 November 1938, the First Vienna Award separated territories from Czechoslovakia, including the southern Carpathian Rus' that were mostly Hungarian-populated and returned them to Hungary.
The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on March 15, 1939, and the Slovak declaration of an independent state, Ruthenia declared its independence (Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine)[2]
The Hungarian Teleki government and Miklós Horthy were informed by Hitler on March 12 that they had 24 hours to resolve the Ruthenian question. Hungary responded immediately with the military occupation of the entire Carpathian Ruthenia. As a result of the annexation, Hungary gained a territory with 552,000 inhabitants, 70.6% of whom were Ruthenian, 12.5% Hungarian, and 12% were Carpathian Germans.
The region remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II in Europe, after which it was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union. Hungary had to renounce the territories won in the Vienna Awards in the Armistice Agreement signed in Moscow on January 20, 1945.[3] The renunciation was reconfirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 and recorded in the Peace Treaty of 1947.[4]
When the Soviet Army crossed the pre-1938 borders of Czechoslovakia in 1944, Soviet authorities refused to allow Czechoslovak governmental officials to resume control over the region, and in June 1945, President Edvard Beneš formally signed a treaty ceding the area to the Soviet Union. It was then incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became part of independent Ukraine as the Zakarpattia Oblast.[2]
Situation of Hungarians in independent Ukraine
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Hungary was the first country to recognize Ukraine's independence. Árpád Göncz, who was president of Hungary at the time, was invited to visit the region, and a joint declaration, followed in December 1991 by a state treaty, acknowledged that the ethnic Hungarian minority had collective as well as individual rights. The treaty provided for the preservation of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious identities; education at all levels in the mother tongue; and the ethnic Hungarians' participation in local authorities charged with minority affairs.[5]
It is quite common among the Hungarian minority in Ukraine to hold both Ukrainian citizenship and Hungarian citizenship, although currently Ukrainian law does not recognise dual citizenship.[6][7]
In the 2014 European Parliament election in Hungary Andrea Bocskor who lives in Ukraine (in the city Berehove) was elected into the European Parliament (for Fidesz).[7] Hence, Bocskor, who is ethnically Hungarian and a citizen of Hungary,[8] became the first elected member of the European Parliament who additionally holds a Ukrainian passport.[7]
Since 2017, the Hungary–Ukraine relations rapidly deteriorated over the issue of Ukraine's education law.[9] Ukraine's 2017 education law makes Ukrainian the required language of primary education in state schools from grade five.[10] The situation since then has been ongoing in problem, as Hungary continues to block Ukraine's attempt to integrate within the EU and NATO over disputes on minority rights.[11]
Minority rights
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Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.[when?][citation needed] The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College.
In 2017 a new education law made Ukrainian the required language of primary education in state schools from grade five.[10] This led to a rapid deterioration of Hungary–Ukraine relations over this issue.[9] Hungary continues to block Ukraine's attempt to integrate within the EU and NATO over disputes on minority rights.[11] László Brenzovics, at the time[nb 1] the only ethnic Hungarian in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament), said that "There is a sort of purposeful policy, which besides narrowing the rights of all minorities, tries to portray the Hungarian minority as the enemy in Ukrainian public opinion."[13]
In 2017 there were 71 Hungarian Schools in Ukraine with 16,000 enrolled students.[14]
In 2019 there were 72 secondary education Hungarian Schools in Ukraine with 13,247 students plus 26 (secondary education) schools with mixed Ukrainian language/Hungarian language education.[15] All of then were located in Zakarpattia Oblast.[15]
In January 2020 the 2017 Ukrainian education law was changed and made it legal to teach "one or more disciplines" in "two or more languages – in the official state language, in English, in another official languages of the European Union".[16] All not state funded schools were made free to choose their own language of instruction.[16] This policy change did not improve Hungary–Ukraine relations and Hungarian minority groups in also continued to be unsatisfied and demanded the whole 2017 law to be abolished.[16] According to the 2020 law until the fifth year of education all lessons can be completely taught in the minority language without mandatory teaching of subjects in Ukrainian.[16] In the fifth year not less than 20% of the lessons must be taught in Ukrainian.[16] Then every year the volume of teaching in the state language (Ukrainian) should increase, reaching 40% in the ninth grade.[16] In the twelfth and final year at least 60% of education should be taught in Ukrainian.[16]
The 2017 language education law stipulated a 3-year transitional period to come in full effect.[17][18] In February 2018, this period was extended until 2023.[19] In June 2023 this period was again extended to September 2024.[20]
In late 2022 the Language ombudsman reported that most of the 108 schools in Berehove Raion had classes with the Hungarian language of instruction alongside Ukrainian, but in 37 of them no class had been formed in which the training took place only in Ukrainian.[21]
The general manager of the Hungarian State Opera, Szilveszter Ókovács, claimed in a February 2023 letter published in The Guardian "in today’s Ukraine it is forbidden to use the Hungarian language today."[22]
Organisation
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The Hungarian Democratic Federation in Ukraine (UMDSZ) is the only nationally registered Hungarian organization. It was established in October 1991 by the Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia (KMKSZ, which has suspended its membership since 1995), the Cultural Federation of Hungarians in Lviv, and the Association of Hungarians in Kyiv. The Hungarian Cultural Federation in Transcarpathia is associated with the political party KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine, which was established in February 2005. In March 2005, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice also registered the Hungarian Democratic Party in Ukraine upon the initiative of the UMDSZ.[23] Also Zoltán Lengyel was elected as mayor of Mukachevo after the election on 1 December 2008. UMDSZ also won city municipalities of Berehove, Vynohradiv and Tiachiv in this election.
Notable personalities
edit- Yozhef Sabo (József Szabó)
- Vasyl Rats (László Rácz)
- Ishtvan Sekech (István Szekecs)
- Yuriy Habovda
- Ernest Kesler (Ernő Keszler)
- Robert Hehedosh
Demographics
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The following data is according to the Ukrainian census of 2001.
| City name | Population | Number of ethnic Hungarians | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uzhhorod (Ungvár) | 115,600 | 8,000 | 6.9% |
| Berehove (Beregszász) | 26,600 | 12,800 | 48.1% |
| Mukachevo (Munkács) | 81,600 | 7,000 | 8.5% |
| Khust (Huszt) | 31,900 | 1,700 | 5.4% |
| Chop (Csap) | 8,919 | 3,496 | 39.2% |
| Raion name | Population | Number of ethnic Hungarians | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berehivskyi Raion (Beregszászi járás) | 54,000 | 41,200 | 76.1% |
| Velykyy Bereznyi Raion (Nagybereznai járás) | 28,200 | — | — |
| Vynohradiv Raion (Nagyszőlősi járás) | 118,000 | 30,900 | 26.2% |
| Volovets Raion (Volóci járás) | 25,500 | — | — |
| Irshavskyi Raion (Ilosvai járás) | 100,900 | 100 | 0.1% |
| Mizhhiria Raion (Ökörmezői járás) | 49,900 | — | — |
| Mukachivskyi Raion (Munkácsi járás) | 101,400 | 12,900 | 12.7% |
| Perechyn Raion (Perecsenyi járás) | 32,000 | — | — |
| Rakhiv Raion (Rahói járás) | 90,900 | 2,900 | 3.2% |
| Svaliava Raion (Szolyvai járás) | 54,900 | 400 | 0.7% |
| Tiachiv Raion (Técsői járás) | 171,900 | 5,000 | 2.9% |
| Uzhhorodskyi Raion (Ungvári járás) | 74,400 | 24,800 | 33.4% |
| Khust Raion (Huszti járás) | 96,900 | 3,800 | 3.9% |
Cultural heritage
editHungarian cultural heritage in Ukraine includes medieval castles:
-
Uzhhorod Castle (Ungvári vár) -
Palanok Castle, Mukachevo (Munkácsi vár) -
Khust Castle (Huszti vár) -
Vynohradiv Castle (Nagyszőlősi Kankó-vár)
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election László Brenzovics failed to get re-elected into the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament).[12]
References
edit- ^ "For Christian Hungarians in Ukraine, Budapest is closer to the heart than Kyiv".
- ^ a b c Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 448. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ^ Konrad), Hoensch, Jörg K. (Jörg (1984). Geschichte Ungarns 1867-1983. W. Kohlhammer. pp. 140/157. ISBN 3-17-008578-6. OCLC 1169886406.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Friedensvertrag mit Ungarn (1947)". www.verfassungen.eu. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
- ^ Kovrig, Bennett (2000) ‘Partitioned nation: Hungarian minorities in Central Europe’, in: Michael Mandelbaum (ed.), The new European Diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, pp. 19-80.
- ^ Constitution of Ukraine: Article 4 Archived 2011-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
Dual Identities, Kyiv Post (July 9, 2009)
The Law of Ukraine On Citizenship of Ukraine: Article 2 Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine - ^ a b c (in Ukrainian) A citizen of Ukraine has become a Member of European Parliament, Ukrayinska Pravda (3 July 2014)
- ^ "Viták - Az ukrajnai helyzet (Vita) - 2014. Július 15., Kedd". Archived from the original on 2016-03-15.
- ^ a b "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'". The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.
"Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine". New Europe. 26 March 2018. - ^ a b "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 24 September 2017.
"Criticism of Ukraine's language law justified: rights body". Reuters. 8 December 2017. - ^ a b Kentish, Portia (March 12, 2020). "Hungary and Ukraine continue war of words over minority rights". Emerging Europe | Intelligence, Community, News.
"Hungary PM criticizes Ukraine, says no rush to ratify Sweden's NATO bid". Reuters. 25 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023. - ^ (in Ukrainian) Electoral history of László Brenzovics, Civil movement "Chesno"
- ^ Gorondi, Pablo (November 14, 2018). "Ukraine's Hungarian minority threatened by new education law". Associated Press.
- ^ "Скільки дітей в Україні навчаються мовами національних меншин?". Слово і Діло.
- ^ a b "There are 72 schools in Ukraine with Hungarian" (in Ukrainian). UNN News Agency. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Reconciliation schools: do the new language norms rule Ukraine's conflict with Hungary" (in Ukrainian). European Pravda. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ New education law becomes effective in Ukraine
- ^ Про освіту | від 05.09.2017 № 2145-VIII (Сторінка 1 з 7)
- ^ Ukraine agrees to concessions to Hungary in language row
- ^ "ВР продовжила перехідний період на українську для шкіл з мовами країн ЄС" (in Ukrainian). European Pravda. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ "Ukrainian language education problems were found in Transcarpathian schools – ombudsman" (in Ukrainian). Ukrainska Pravda – Zhyttia ("Life"). 19 January 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
"The language ombudsman found violations of language laws in Hungarian schools in Zakarpatta" (in Ukrainian). Ukrinform. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023. - ^ "War and Peace: the essence of art is abstraction". The Guardian. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
- ^ "Hungarian Government Office for Minorities Abroad". Archived from the original on April 26, 2008.
- ^ a b Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine Archived 2007-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
