Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutive tropical cyclones to make landfall on the Pacific Coast of Mexico within a ten-day timespan in late June and early July 1996.[1] Alma was the third tropical depression, second tropical storm and first hurricane of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. The storm originated from an Atlantic tropical wave that crossed Central America in mid-June 1996. In warmer than average waters of the open Pacific, the system gradually organized and was designated a tropical depression on June 20 before quickly intensifying to a tropical storm, receiving the name Alma. Early on June 22 Alma was upgraded to a hurricane and subsequently reached peak intensity of 969 mb, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Alma made landfall on Mexico's southwest coast shortly thereafter, but it soon moved back out over water and began to weaken. Alma had severe impact in Mexico. Twenty deaths were reported. Total damage across the country is unknown.
 Alma at peak intensity near landfall in Mexico on June 23 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | June 20, 1996 |
| Dissipated | June 27, 1996 |
| Category 2 hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 105 mph (165 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 969 mbar (hPa); 28.61 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 20 total |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Areas affected | Southwestern Mexico |
| IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season | |
Meteorological history
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Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionThe origins of Alma is believed to be related to the tropical wave which spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic. Satellite imagery and upper–air observations indicated that the disturbance crossed Central America during the middle of June, entering warming than average waters of the Pacific. Initially, the system was located within a sheared environment, although it did not hinder development. The convection soon became aligned with the low–level center and during the overnight on June 20 it was designated as a tropical depression. The depression intensified and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma later that day. The wind shear relaxed it was upgraded to a hurricane at early on July 22 while tracking generally northwest.[2][3]
A mid–level trough located near Baja California and a mid- to-upper-level low over the southwest Gulf of Mexico began to steer Alma northward towards the southwest coast of Mexico, prior to reaching a peak intensity of 969 mb at 1200 UTC on June 23. Before long, the steering flow collapsed and the hurricane drifted further towards land. Later that day it made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas, although Alma quickly moved back over open water and meandered for about 36 hours. This made the hurricane the first of three consecutive storms to make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span. It weakened to a tropical storm over land, before moving back to the open waters.[3]
However, a small portion of the circulation of Alma was still over land, and thus it was severely disrupted by Mexico's high terrain. Alma was tracking slowly along a path roughly parallel to the coastline, it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on June 25. Alma remained weak and dissipated on June 27.[3]
Alma was forecasted well, with errors well below long-term averages at the time. Despite this, tropical cyclone prediction models were a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, with the Aviation and GFDL models performing badly and the OFCI model performing well. The errors in dynamic models was attributed to a lack of data on upper-air conditions over the ocean southwest of the cyclone.[3]
Preparations and impact
editIn anticipation for the storm, hurricane warnings were placed into effect along 175 mi (282 km) of coastline between the resorts of Zihuatenejo and Manzanillo.[4][5] Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the passage of the hurricane.[6] Also, the Mexican government sent troops to the area to help with disaster relief, and the Michoacán state government sent five truckloads of bedding and medicines.[6] Prior to landfall, 14 inches of rain was expected.[7]
In the Mexican states of Guerrero and Michoacán, the hurricane generated estimated wind gusts of up to 100 mph (160 km/h),[4] and dropped large amounts of rainfall peaking at 19.09 in (485 mm) of rainfall just east of where it had made landfall.[8] Also, there were reports of swells up to 12 ft (3.7 m) along the coast.[6] Three people died in Lazaro Cardenas when their house collapsed.[3][9] Alma ripped roofs off of some houses, downed power lines and uprooted numerous trees,[4][10] Flooding for Alma left thousands homeless.[11] Heavy rainfall resulted in major flooding in Puebla, which killed 17 people.[3] In all, 20 deaths were reported in Mexico. Damage is unknown, since the official report has no damage figures.[3]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Max Mayfield (1996-08-11). "Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Cristina". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ "Alma becomes a hurricane". NHC. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lixion A. Avila (1996). "Hurricane Alma Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ a b c "Hurricane Alma hits Mexico's coast; no injuries reported". The Syracuse Post-Standard. 1996. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Mexican coast hit by Hurricane Alma Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the storm". Chicago Sun-Times. 1996.
- ^ a b c "Hurricane Alma strikes Mexico's Pacific coast". Gettysburg Times. 1996. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Hurricane Alma slams Mexico". Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ David Roth (1996). "Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Alma". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ "Hurricane Alma kills 3 in Mexico". Palm Beach. 1996.
- ^ "Hurricane Alma Strikes Mexico's Coast". Boston Globe. Associated Press. 1996.
- ^ David Lunow (1996). "Killer hurricane downgraded to storm". Chicago Sun-Times.