Husin Kamaluddin ibnu Muhammad Ali (died c. 1770)[1] or also known as Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir,[2] was the 16th Sultan of Brunei.[3][4] Following his death, he was posthumously given the title of Marhum Di Luba as he lives at Luba.[5] He is descended from the 12th Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Muhammad Ali, as the second son. The nation flourished during his rule, food was easily obtained, and he also introduced Brunei pitis, the nation's first unit of money.[5] Additionally, he is the only sultan to have held the throne twice.[5]
| Husin Kamaluddin حسين کمالالدین | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan of Brunei | |||||
| Second Reign | 1737–1740 | ||||
| Predecessor | Muhammad Alauddin | ||||
| Successor | Omar Ali Saifuddin I | ||||
| First Reign | 1710–1730 | ||||
| Predecessor | Nasruddin | ||||
| Successor | Muhammad Alauddin | ||||
| Died | c. 1770 Pulau Luba, Brunei Town, Bruneian Empire | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun | ||||
| Issue |
| ||||
| |||||
| House | Bolkiah | ||||
| Father | Sultan Muhammad Ali | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Within the grounds of the Kubah Makam Di Raja (Royal Mausoleum) is a 4 foot (1.2 m)-tall stone known as the Batu Tarsilah. The names of all of Brunei's monarchs from Muhammad Shah to Muhammad Tajuddin, are inscribed on the stone, which was built by two muslim scholars, Datu Imam Yaakub and Pehin Khatib Haji Abdul Latif, at the request of the country's 14th and 16th Sultans, Sultans Muhyiddin and Husin Kamaluddin.[6]
Background
editThe 1783 London publication, "Oriental Repertory, Vol. I," by Alexander Dalrymple, provided a crucial English source for the name Husin (Usseen) of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, who was previously only identified as Sultan Kamaluddin in the Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei. This source supported the notion that there is a solid historical foundation for the occasional usage of Husin Kamaluddin's name. As a consequence, the source genuinely validates every study finding the Brunei History Centre has produced throughout the years about the Sultanate of Brunei.[7]
Early life
editAfter his father and siblings were massacred, which led to the outbreak of the Bruneian civil war, Husin Kamaluddin, the younger of Sultan Muhammad Ali's two baby sons, was spared. The Islamic aqidah was propagated by him, who studied diligently. All of his efforts were focused on the hereafter, which he preferred.[8]
Reign
editFirst reign (1710–1730)
editHusin Kamaluddin first ascended the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, Sultan Nasruddin and ruled until his abdication in 1730.[9] He was reportedly fairly old when he succeeded Sultan Nasruddin to the throne, yet he was regarded as a kind, moral, and religious man.[5] Husin Kamaluddin appointed his son, Pengiran Anak Untong, as Raja of Dumpil Meruntum, Sabah in 1730.[10] The Sultan continued the usage of Brunei pitis.[9] Additionally, gold pitis coins were minted that contained a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir.[11]
Second reign (1737–1740)
editSeven years after his coronation, Sultan Muhammad Alauddin passed away when his heir apparent was still a baby in 1737.[8] Sultan Husin Kamaluddin was therefore asked to take up the role as heir apparent. Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.[9][12] Husin Kamaluddin was adamant about denying his successors the crown, claiming Sultan Muhyiddin's lineage deserved it more for their efforts during the Bruneian civil war.[13] Following this, Pengiran Anak Untong, his son moved to Sabah and made his home on the land that his father had given him, known as Dumpil Meruntum.[13]
Death
editHusin Kamaluddin died at Pulau Luba in 1770.[1] After his death, he was known as Marhum Di Luba.[5][1] Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin was then granted the sultanate of Brunei by Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin. Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin became Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I in 1740.[14]
Personal life
editSeveral princesses, rather than a single prince, were part of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin's lineage, resulting in his direct descendants being unable to inherit the throne.[8] Husin Kamaluddin have several non-gahara (pure royal lineage) sons, including:
Legend has it that Sultan Husin Kamaluddin enjoyed going fishing with the locals along the Brunei River's upper banks, particularly in the region along the river that runs upstream to the Makam di Luba. He would frequently bring what was known as tubal wood, which was later called pupuh-pupuh and kept in a tin.[17]
Tomb
edit
The Tomb of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, also called Makam di Luba (because of its location on the island of Pulau Luba, which divides the Damuan River from the Brunei River), is situated in Kampong Bunut Perpindahan.[18] The bridge, which was constructed to facilitate tomb visits, is frequently the center of attention for fishermen. In addition, the proboscis monkey, a type of monkey, lives in the marshy areas of Luba Island.[19][20] The tomb has since been under the protection of the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 revised 1984, 1990 and 2002.[21]
Suit of armour
editA mystery suit of armour was discovered in Raja Aini Rahman's residence in 2004.[22] The then 66-year-old retiree claimed she had to protect the artifact and give it back to its owner,[23] but she would not elaborate on how the armour got into her possession. The chain mail armor, which included a helmet and one gauntlet, was confirmed by Muzium Negara in 2014, according to Raja Aini. In response to questions from NST, a spokesperson at Muzium Negara stated that the study just described the artifacts and did not determine their validity. According to the story, the helmet and gauntlet were embellished with pitis and a combination of six materials, including rubies, gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin, were used to make the armour.[12][24]
Raja Aini said that after engaging brokers, she was unable to return the armour to Brunei. In 2007, she said, a delegation from Brunei led by a man she called Pehin Jamil Al-Sufri examined the armour. She mentioned that in 2007, a team from Brunei consisting of specialists in history, Jawi, jewelry, and armor verified the authenticity of the armour. She pleaded with the Bruneian authorities to retrieve the armour in time for Ramadan.[12] On 14 April 2022, family friend Aina Belle posted an update on Instagram Story, stating, "Brunei officials have now contacted us. I sincerely appreciate your support, everyone."[24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c 50 Years Historical Moments of Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, 1958-2008 (in Malay). Ministry of Religious Affairs, Negara Brunei Darussalam. 2008. p. 68. ISBN 978-99917-922-0-0.
- ^ ""The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily"". English Numista. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
- ^ "Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). History Center Government. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ Putu Davies (1996). Constructing a National Past: National History and Historiography in Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam : a Collection of Conference Papers from the International Workshop on National History and Historiography. Department of History, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e Haniza Abdul Latif (2014-01-11). "KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 - Makam di Luba jadi tarikan" (PDF). www.information.gov.bn (in Malay). pp. 10–12. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ "Art, Cultural & Heritage Brunei". opulentroutes.com. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ "SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI DALAM SUMBER INGGERIS" (PDF). pusat-sejarah.gov.bn (in Malay). 2003. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ a b c Rozan Yunos. "Makam Di Luba". The Brunei Times. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ a b c "SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI" (PDF). history-centre.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ ""Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC"". Instagram. December 25, 2015.
- ^ ""The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily"". Insgrum.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Yusof, Teh Athira (2022-04-13). "Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ a b Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2008). Melayu Islam Beraja: hakikat dan hasrat (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan, Negara Brunei Darussalam. p. 201. ISBN 978-99917-34-63-7.
- ^ "Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam | Kerajaan Nusantara". www.kerajaannusantara.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
- ^ Makam Raja Tamba Ruyung. Jabatan Arkib Negeri Sabah (The Sabah State Archives). Retrieved 2024-05-10
- ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2005). Rampai sejarah: meniti sejarah silam (in Malay). Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. p. 156. ISBN 978-99917-34-44-6.
- ^ Rozan Yunos (2017-09-05). "Mengimbas Kembali Sejarah Lama Makam Di Luba". bruneiresources.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ Khartini Hamir. "Memperkenalkan makam kesultanan Brunei kepada generasi muda". www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 (PDF) (in Malay). Kenali Negera Kitani. 2014. pp. 9–12.
- ^ Ficus kerkhovenii (2019-06-30). "Tomb of Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Brunei". THE FIGS OF BORNEO. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ "Monumen dan Tapak-Tapak Arkeologi". www.museums.gov.bn. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
- ^ Rozan Yunos (November 24, 2018). ""Instagram post by Rozan Yunos • Nov 24, 2018"". Instagram.
- ^ "Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan". Southeast Asian Archaeology. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
- ^ a b Ang, May Vin (2022-04-15). "Subang Woman Looking To Return 300-Year-Old Antique Suit Of Armour To Sultan Of Brunei". SAYS. Retrieved 2024-05-11.