Hwanghae Line (黄海線, Kōkai-sen) was the name given by the privately owned Chōsen Railway of colonial Korea to its network of railway lines in Hwanghae Province.[1] The name encompassed the mainline from Sariwon to Haeju, along with several connecting branch lines.

Hwanghae Line
Overview
Native name황해선 (黄海線)
StatusDivided in 1944
OwnerChōsen Railway
LocaleHwanghae
Termini
Stations63
Service
TypeHeavy rail, Regional rail
Passenger/Freight
Operator(s)Chōsen Railway
History
Opened1919–1937
Technical
Line length294.3 km (182.9 mi)
Number of tracksSingle track
Track gauge762 mm (2 ft 6 in)
Route map

Sentetsu Gyeongui Line
Sariwon
(Shariin)
Samgang
(Sankō)
Jangyeon
(Chōen)
Hwasan
(Kazan)
Naeto
(Naito)
Haseong
(Kasei)
Sinwon
(Shin'in)
Deokdal
(Tokutatsu)
Cheongdan
(Seitan)
Toseong
(Dojō)
Sentetsu Gyeongui Line
Donghaeju
(Higashi-Kaishū)
Haeju
(Kaishū)
Dongpo
(Tōho)
Jeongdo
(Teitō)
Haejuhang
(Kaishūkō)
Ongjin
(Onshin)

History

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The first section of what would become the Hwanghae Line was a 15 km (9.3 mi) 762 mm (30.0 in) narrow-gauge line from Sanghae (later Samgang) to Naeto via Hwasan opened by the Mitsubishi Ironworks on 20 May 1919 for use as a private industrial railway.[2] Shortly thereafter, the West Chōsen Development Railway was set up to take over this line, which it did on 21 April of the following year.[3]

Immediately after that, the West Chōsen Development Railway began work on another narrow gauge line, a 21.5 km (13.4 mi) line from Sariwon to Jaeryeong via Sanghae, opening it on 21 December 1920,[4] and on 16 November of the following year it was extended from Jaeryeong to Sincheon, a distance of 13.6 km (8.5 mi).[5]

On 1 April 1923, the West Chōsen Development Railway merged with five other railway companies to form the Chōsen Railway (abbreviated Chōtetsu, to distinguish it from the Chōsen Government Railway, which was known as Sentetsu),[6] taking over all lines and operations of its predecessors. Chōtetsu then grouped the Sanghae—Naeto line together with the Sariwon—Sanghae—Sincheon line it had inherited from the West Chōsen Development Railway, collectively calling them the Hwanghae Line.

Chōtetsu subsequently expanded the Hwanghae Line network significantly, with the first expansion being the 8.0 km (5.0 mi) addition to extend the line from Hwasan to Miryeok, opening the new track on 1 September 1924.[7] A year to the day later Chōtetsu opened the 15.2 km (9.4 mi) Miryeok—SinwonHaseong line.

The network remained unchanged over the following four years, but after that there came a flurry of expansions. First, the Sariwon–Sincheon line was extended 29.0 km (18.0 mi) from Sincheon to Sugyo on 1 November 1929, followed on 12 November 1929 by the 22.0 km (13.7 mi) extension Sinwon—Hakhyeon section, and on 11 December 1930 by the 6.4 km (4.0 mi) Hakhyeon—East Haeju section.[8] Less than a year later, Chōtetsu extended the line again, this time with a 7.5 km (4.7 mi) segment from East Haeju to Haeju Port station in Ryongdangp'o.[9]

Chōtetsu then began expanding its network around Haeju. First, a 7.5 km (4.7 mi) line from East Haeju to Haeju Port at Ryongdangp'o was opened on 12 November 1931,[9] after which construction began eastwards from Haeju to create a southern connection to the Gyeongui Line, the state-owned Chōsen Government Railway's main line from Keijō to Sinuiju and on to Andong, Manchukuo. The first section of this new narrow gauge line, from East Haeju to Yeon'an, was opened on 21 December 1931.[9]

The second section involved much more intensive work, as a bridge had to be built across the Ryesong River. Thirty-five girders were supplied by Japanese locomotive manufacturer Kisha Seizō,[10] and the line was finally opened on 1 September 1932, running from Yeon'an across the new bridge to connect to the Gyeongui Line at Toseong (later renamed Gaepung). A 2.3 km (1.4 mi) extension west from East Haeju to Haeju was opened on 1 July 1933.[11] Chōtetsu then added three new stations, opening Seobyeon Station (later renamed Dongpo), 6.1 km (3.8 mi) south of East Haeju, on 11 May 1934[12] (now called Wangsin), and Sindeok Station between Sinwon and Haseong, 3.5 km (2.2 mi) from Sinwon, on 11 August 1935.[13]

Expansion then headed west from Haeju, with a 19.3 km (12.0 mi) stretch of new line from Haeju to Chwiya that was opened on 11 December 1936. The northwestern area was not left ignored, as just over a month later, a 17.7 km (11.0 mi) extension from Sugyo to Jangyeon was opened on 21 January 1937.[14] Finally, on 10 May 1937 a 0.7 km (0.43 mi) branch was opened from Dongpo to Jeongdo,[15] followed by a 24.2 km (15.0 mi) extension from Chwiya to Ongjin nine days later.[16]

Hwanghae Line Construction Timeline
Date Section Length Original Builder
20 May 1919 Sanghae–Naeto 15.0 km (9.3 mi) Mitsubishi Ironworks
21 December 1920 Sariwon–Jaeryeong 21.5 km (13.4 mi) West Chōsen Development Railway
16 November 1921 Jaeryeong–Sincheon 13.6 km (8.5 mi) West Chōsen Development Railway
1 September 1924 Hwasan–Miryeok 8.0 km (5.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
1 September 1925 Miryeok–Haseong 15.2 km (9.4 mi) Chōsen Railway
1 November 1929 Sincheon–Sugyo 29.0 km (18.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
12 November 1929 Sinwon–Hakhyeon 22.6 km (14.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
11 December 1930 Hakhyeon–East Haeju 6.4 km (4.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
12 November 1931 East Haeju–Haeju Port 7.5 km (4.7 mi) Chōsen Railway
21 December 1931 East Haeju–Yeon'an 45.1 km (28.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
Cheongdan–Deokdal 12.7 km (7.9 mi) Chōsen Railway
1 September 1932 Yeon'an–Toseong 34.1 km (21.2 mi) Chōsen Railway
1 July 1933 Haeju–East Haeju 2.3 km (1.4 mi) Chōsen Railway
11 December 1936 Haeju–Chwiya 19.3 km (12.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
21 January 1937 Sugyo–Jangyeon 17.7 km (11.0 mi) Chōsen Railway
10 May 1937 Dongpo–Jeongdo 0.7 km (0.43 mi) Chōsen Railway
19 May 1937 Chwiya–Ongjin 24.2 km (15.0 mi) Chōsen Railway

Chōtetsu sold the Hwanghae Line network to Sentetsu on 1 April 1944, which absorbed the Hwanghae Line network and split it up, giving each section a new name:[17]

  • Cheongdan–Deokdal (12.7 km (7.9 mi)) → Deokdal Line
  • Sinwon–Haseong (0.4 km (0.25 mi)) → Haseong Line
  • Samgang–Jangyeon (68.9 km (42.8 mi)) → Jangyeon Line
  • Dongpo–Jeongdo (0.7 km (0.43 mi)) → Jeongdo Line
  • Hwasan–Naeto (2.1 km (1.3 mi)) → Naeto Line
  • Haeju–Ongjin (43.5 km (27.0 mi)) → Ongjin Line
  • Sariwon—Hwasan—Sinwŏn—Haeju (89.8 km (55.8 mi)) → Sahae Line
  • East Haeju–Toseong (79.7 km (49.5 mi)) → Tohae Line

Deciding that traffic levels merited the construction of a standard gauge line, Sentetsu built a new, 41.7 km (25.9 mi) line from Sariwon to Haseong, calling it the Hwanghae Main Line. The opening of a new station in Haseong led to the existing station on the narrow gauge line from Sinwon to be renamed "Guhaseong Station" ("Old Haseong Station").[18]

After the end of the Pacific War and the subsequent partition of Korea, most of the former Hwanghae Line network was located in North Korea and was taken over by the Korean State Railway.[19] However, most of the Tohae Line was located in the US zone of occupation that later became South Korea, with the line being divided along the 38th Parallel between Jangbang and Galsan, and the Korean National Railroad operated passenger trains on the line between Tosŏng and Ch'ŏngdan until 1950.[20] After the end of the Korean War, the entirety of the former Hwanghae Line network was within North Korea.[19]

Services

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In the November 1942 timetable, the last issued prior to the start of the Pacific War, Chōtetsu operated an extensive schedule of third-class-only local passenger services:[1]

Sariwon ~ Jangyeon
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
- - - Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
- - -
0.0 - 06:45 11:50 18:35 Sariwon 81.8 2.90 09:45 15:54 20:52
81.8 2.90 10:07 15:27 21:47 Jangyeon 0.0 - 06:10 12:25 17:35
Sariwon ~ Haeju
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
- - - - Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
- - - -
0.0 - 08:30 12:00 15:05 18:25 Sariwon 73.3 2.60 09:28 12:49 16:09 19:35
73.3 2.60 11:14 15:00 18:00 21:10 Haeju 0.0 - 06:50 10:05 13:25 16:50
Toseong ~ Haeju
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
- - - - - Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
- - - - - -
0.0 - 08:40 11:43 13:45 16:15 19:35 Toseong 81.5 2.90 09:06 11:09 14:10 17:00 19:16 20:56
81.5 2.90 11:31 14:57 17:00 19:12 22:25 Haeju 0.0 - 06:20 08:25 11:20 14:05 16:25 18:00
East Haeju ~ Ongjin
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
- - - - - Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
- - - - -
0.0 - 08:15 11:45 15:20 17:20 19:35 East Haeju 42.6 1.55 07:40 08:15 10:21 13:15 20:05
42.6 1.55 09:48 13:18 16:53 18:54 21:35 Ongjin 0.0 - 06:00 06:30 07:50 11:30 18:20
East Haeju ~ Haeju Port/Jeongdo
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
71 73 505 75 - 77 509 79 81 Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
72 74 508 76 - 78 512 80 82
0.0 - 06:50 08:40 09:30 11:40 13:00 15:15 16:55 17:30 21:10 East Haeju 7.4
6.8
0.25 07:46 09:49 11:00 12:36 15:05 16:01 18:30 18:46 22:06
6.1 0.25 07:07 08:53 09:51 11:53 13:21 15:28 17:16 17:43 21:23 Dongpo 1.3
0.7
0.25 07:34 09:34 10:40 12:24 14:10 15:49 18:10 18:34 21:54
7.4 0.25 07:10 08:56
11:56 ... 15:31
17:46 21:26 Haeju Port 0.0 - 07:30 09:30
12:20 ... 15:45
18:30 21:50
6.8 0.25 ... ... 09:55 ... ... ... 17:20 ... ... Jeongdo 0.0 - ... ... 10:30 ... ... ... 18:00 ... ...
Hwasan ~ Naeto
Distance
(read down)
Price
Korean yen
- - - Station name Distance
(read up)
Price
Korean yen
- - -
0.0 - 08:40 13:00 18:45 Hwasan 2.1 0.15 09:18 13:28 19:18
2.1 0.15 08:53 13:08 18:53 Naeto 0.0 - 09:10 13:20 19:10

Routes

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Main line Sariwon–Haeju Port (to Sentetsu Sahae Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Sariwon Shariin 사리원 沙里院 Sentetsu Gyeongui Line
1.5 1.5 Seosariwon
West Sariwon
Nishi-Shariin 서사리원 西沙里院
3.6 2.1 Migok Bikoku 미곡 嵋谷
8.1 4.5 Seojong Seishō 서종 西鐘
11.9 3.8 Sanghae
Samgang (from 1940)
Jōkai
Sankō
상해
삼강
上海
三江
Jangyeon Line
17.9 6.0 Gwangtan Kōtan 광탄 広灘
22.7 4.8 Seoktan Sekitan 석탄 石灘
24.8 2.1 Hwasan Kazan 화산 花山 Naeto Line
28.1 3.3 Jangsusan Chōjuzan 장수산 長寿山
32.8 4.7 Miryeok Miryoku 미력 未力
42.5 9.7 Sinwon Shin'in 신원 新院 Haseong Line
49.4 6.9 Yeomtan Entan 염탄 塩灘
57.7 8.3 Sinjumak Shinshubaku 신주막 新酒幕
64.5 6.8 Hakhyeon Kakken 학현 鶴峴
70.9 6.4 Donghaeju
East Haeju
Higashi-Kaishū 동해주 東海州 Tohae Line
74.0 3.1 Cheongyang Seiyō 청양 青陽 opened 1937
77.0 3.0 Dongpo Tōho 동포 東浦 Jeongdo Line
78.4 1.4 Haejuhang Kaishūkō 해주항 海洲港
Samgang–Jangyeon (to Sentetsu Jangyeon Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Sanghae
Samgang (from 1940)
Jōkai
Sankō
상해
삼강
上海
三江
Sahae Line
4.1 4.1 Geumsan Kinzan 금산 金山
9.6 5.5 Jaeryeong Sainei 재령 載寧
13.1 3.5 Baekseok Hakuseki 백석 白石
17.1 4.0 Changchon Sōson 창촌 倉村
20.5 3.4 Sincheon Oncheon Shinsen Onsen 신천온천 信川温泉
23.2 2.7 Sincheon Shinsen 신천 信川
29.4 6.2 Yongmun Ryūmon 용문 竜門
34.3 4.9 Munhwa Bunka 문화 文化
39.8 5.5 Samcheon Oncheon Sansen Onsen 삼천온천 三泉温泉
43.3 3.5 Gungheung Kyūkyō 궁흥 弓興
46.5 3.2 Yangchon Yason 야촌 野村
52.2 5.7 Sugyo Suikyō 수교 水橋
56.9 4.7 Songhwa Oncheon Shōka Onsen 송화온천 松禾温泉
62.5 5.6 Naksan Rakuzan 낙산 楽山
65.9 3.4 Nakdo Rakudō 낙도 楽道
69.9 4.0 Jangyeon Chōen 장연 長淵
Hwasan–Naeto (to Sentetsu Naeto Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Hwasan Kazan 화산 花山 Sahae Line
2.1 2.1 Naeto Naito 내토 內土
Sinwon–Haseong (to Sentetsu Haseong Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Sinwon Shin'in 신원 新院 Sahae Line
3.5 3.5 Sindeok Shintoku 신덕 新德
5.5 2.0 Haseong Kasei 하성 下聖
Toseong–Haeju (to Sentetsu Tohae Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Toseong Dojō 토성 土城 Sentetsu Gyeongui Line
6.9 6.9 Yesonggang Reiseikō 예성강 禮成江
12.2 5.3 Seongho Seiko 성호 星湖
17.2 5.0 Baecheon Oncheon Hakusen Onsen 배천온천 白川温泉
21.0 3.8 Honghyeon Kōken 홍현 紅峴
24.6 3.6 Mugu Bukyū 무구 無仇
28.6 4.0 Yeon'an Oncheon En'an Onsen 연안온천 延安温泉
34.1 5.5 Yeon'an En'an 연안 延安
39.8 5.7 Bongseo Hōsei 봉서 鳳西
45.5 5.7 Pungcheon Hōsen 풍천 楓川
50.5 5.0 Cheontae Tentai 천태 天台
55.2 4.7 Singye Shinkei 심계 深桂
58.7 3.5 Cheongdan Seitan 청단 青丹 Deokdal Line
62.9 4.2 Naeseong Raijō 내성 來城
67.7 4.8 Cheon'gyeol Senketsu 천결 泉決
74.3 6.6 Yeongyang Geiyō 영양 迎陽
79.2 4.9 Donghaeju
East Haeju
Higashi-Kaishū 동해주 東海州 Sahae Line
81.5 2.3 Haeju Kaishū 해주 海州 Ongjin Line
Cheongdan–Deokdal (to Sentetsu Deokdal Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Cheongdan Seitan 청단 青丹 Tohae Line
4.3 4.3 Hwayang Kayō 화양 花陽
12.7 8.4 Deokdal Tokutatsu 덕달 徳達
Dongpo–Jeongdo (to Sentetsu Jeongdo Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Dongpo Tōho 동포 東浦 Ongjin Line
0.7 0.7 Jeongdo Teitō 정도 鼎島
Haeju–Ongjin (to Sentetsu Ongjin Line)
Distance Station name
Total; km S2S; km Transcribed, Korean Transcribed, Japanese Hunminjeongeum Hanja/Kanji Connections
0.0 0.0 Haeju Kaishū 해주 海州 Tohae Line
1.0 1.0 Cheongyang Seiyō 청양 青丹 Sahae Line
2.9 2.9 Dongpo Tōho 동포 東浦 Jeongdo Line
7.0 4.1 Seohaeju
West Haeju
Nishi-Kaishū 서해주 西海州
10.8 3.7 Seoseok Seiseki 서석 西席
19.3 8.5 Chwiya Suiya 취야 翠野
22.3 3.0 Gukbong Kikuhō 국봉 菊峰
26.8 4.5 Jangdun Chōton 장둔 長屯
34.2 7.4 Sin'gangnyeong Shinkōrei 신강령 新康翎
40.1 5.9 Naengjeong Reisei 냉정 冷井
43.5 3.4 Ongjin Ōshin 옹진 甕津

References

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  1. ^ a b Tōa Travel Co. (東亜旅行社), Ministry of Railways Combined Timetable 1 November 1942 (鐵道省編纂時刻表昭和17年11月1日)
  2. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Taishō Nr. 2054, 16 June 1919
  3. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Taishō Nr. 2317, 4 May 1920
  4. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Taishō Nr. 2514, 27 December 1920
  5. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Taishō Nr. 2514, 19 November 1921
  6. ^ Establishment of the Chosen Railway, Dong-A Ilbo, 3 September 1923 (in Korean)
  7. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Taishō Nr. 3620, 5 September 1924
  8. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 1187, 16 December 1930
  9. ^ a b c 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 1492, 26 December 1931
  10. ^ Yamada, Keitarō (1972). 汽車会社蒸気機関車製造史 [Manufacturing History of Kisha Kaisha Steam Locomotives] (in Japanese). Nagoya: Kōyūsha.
  11. ^ Japanese Government Railways (1937), 鉄道停車場一覧. 昭和12年10月1日現在(The List of the Stations as of 1 October 1937), pp. 509~510
  12. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 2195, 8 May 1934
  13. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 2581, 19 August 1935
  14. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Showa Nr. 3009, 28 January 1937
  15. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 3096, 14 May 1937
  16. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 3106, 26 May 1937
  17. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 5143, 29 March 1944
  18. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 5286, 15 September 1944
  19. ^ a b Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6
  20. ^ "100 Years of Rail Travel - The 38th Parallel (in Japanese)". Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2019-08-14.