Hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide. It is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule hydrogen bromide (HBr) in water. "Constant boiling" hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F) and contains 47.6% HBr by mass, which is 8.77 mol/L. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.

Hydrobromic acid
Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen bromide
Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen bromide
Ball-and-stick model of water
Ball-and-stick model of water
Ball-and-stick model of the bromide anion
Ball-and-stick model of the bromide anion
Ball-and-stick model of the hydronium cation
Ball-and-stick model of the hydronium cation
Names
IUPAC name
Bromane[1]
Other names
Hydronium bromide
Bromhydric acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.240.772 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 233-113-0
620
KEGG
RTECS number
  • MW3850000
UNII
UN number 1048 1788
  • InChI=1S/BrH/h1H checkY
    Key: CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/BrH/h1H
    Key: CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYAZ
  • [OH3+].[Br-]
Properties
HBr(aq)
Molar mass 80.91 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless liquid
(impure samples can appear yellowish)
Odor acrid
Density 1.49 g/cm3 (48% w/w aq.)
Melting point −11 °C (12 °F; 262 K) (47–49% w/w aq.)
Boiling point 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K) at 700 mmHg (47–49% w/w aq.)
221 g/100 mL (0 °C)
204 g/100 mL (15 °C)
130 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Acidity (pKa) −9[2]
Viscosity 0.84 cP (−75 °C)
Thermochemistry
29.1 J/(K·mol)
198.7 J/(K·mol)
−36.3 kJ/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: Exclamation mark
Danger
H314, H335
P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0282
Related compounds
Other anions
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydroiodic acid
Related compounds
Hydrogen bromide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Uses

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Hydrobromic acid is mainly used for the production of inorganic bromides, especially the bromides of zinc, calcium, and sodium. It is a useful reagent for generating organobromine compounds. Certain ethers are cleaved with HBr. It also catalyzes alkylation reactions and the extraction of certain ores. Industrially significant organic compounds prepared from hydrobromic acid include allyl bromide, tetrabromobis(phenol), and bromoacetic acid. HBr almost uniquely participates in anti-Markovnikov hydrohalogenation of alkenes. The resulting 1-bromoalkanes are versatile alkylating agents, giving rise to fatty amines and quaternary ammonium salts.[3]

Synthesis

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Hydrobromic acid can be prepared in the laboratory via the reaction of Br2, SO2, and water.[4]

 

More typically laboratory preparations involve the production of anhydrous HBr, which is then dissolved in water.

Hydrobromic acid has commonly been prepared industrially by reacting bromine with either sulfur or phosphorus and water. However, it can also be produced electrolytically.[4] It can also be prepared by treating bromides with non-oxidising acids like phosphoric or acetic acids.

Alternatively the acid can be prepared with dilute (5.8M) sulfuric acid and potassium bromide:[5]

 

Using more concentrated sulfuric acid or allowing the reaction solution to exceed 75 °C further oxidizes HBr to elemental bromine. The acid is further purified by filtering out the KHSO4 and by distilling off the water until the solution reaches an azeotrope (124.3 °C). The yield is approximately 85%.[5]

Hydrobromic acid is available commercially in various concentrations and purities.

References

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  1. ^ Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H., eds. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 131. ISBN 9781849733069.
  2. ^ Bell, R. P. The Proton in Chemistry, 2nd ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1973.
  3. ^ Dagani, M. J.; Barda, H. J.; Benya, T. J.; Sanders, D. C. (2012). "Bromine Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  4. ^ a b Scott, A. (1900). "Preparation of Pure Hydrobromic Acid". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 77: 648–651. doi:10.1039/ct9007700648.
  5. ^ a b Brauer, Georg (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0121266011.
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