Hydrogen halide

In chemistry, hydrogen halides (hydrohalic acids when in the aqueous phase) are diatomic, inorganic compounds that function as Arrhenius acids. The formula is HX where X is one of the halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, or tennessine.^[1] All known hydrogen halides are gases at standard temperature and pressure.^[2]

Compound	Chemical formula	Dipole μ / D	Aqueous phase (acid)	Aqueous Phase pK_a values
hydrogen fluoride (fluorane)	HF	1.86	hydrofluoric acid	3.1
hydrogen chloride (chlorane)	HCl	1.11	hydrochloric acid	-3.9
hydrogen bromide (bromane)	HBr	0.788	hydrobromic acid	-5.8
hydrogen iodide (iodane)	HI	0.382	hydroiodic acid	-10.4 ^[3]
hydrogen astatide astatine hydride (astatane)	HAt	−0.06	hydroastatic acid	?
hydrogen tennesside tennessine hydride (tennessane)	HTs	−0.24 ?	hydrotennessic acid	? ^[4]

Vs. hydrohalic acids

The hydrogen halides are diatomic molecules with no tendency to ionize in the gas phase (although liquified hydrogen fluoride is a polar solvent somewhat similar to water). Thus, chemists distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid. The former is a gas at room temperature that reacts with water to give the acid. Once the acid has formed, the diatomic molecule can be regenerated only with difficulty, but not by normal distillation. Commonly the names of the acid and the molecules are not clearly distinguished such that in lab jargon, "HCl" often means hydrochloric acid, not the gaseous hydrogen chloride.

Occurrence

Hydrogen chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid, is a major component of gastric acid.

Hydrogen fluoride, chloride and bromide are also volcanic gases.

Synthesis

The direct reaction of hydrogen with fluorine and chlorine gives hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride, respectively. Industrially these gases are, however, produced by treatment of halide salts with sulfuric acid. Hydrogen bromide arises when hydrogen and bromine are combined at high temperatures in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The least stable hydrogen halide, HI, is produced less directly, by the reaction of iodine with hydrogen sulfide or with hydrazine.^[1]^{: 809–815}

Physical properties

Comparison of the boiling points of hydrogen halides and hydrogen chalcogenides; here it can be seen that hydrogen fluoride breaks trends alongside water.

The hydrogen halides are colourless gases at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP) except for hydrogen fluoride, which boils at 19 °C. Alone of the hydrogen halides, hydrogen fluoride exhibits hydrogen bonding between molecules, and therefore has the highest melting and boiling points of the HX series. From HCl to HI the boiling point rises. This trend is attributed to the increasing strength of intermolecular van der Waals forces, which correlates with numbers of electrons in the molecules. Concentrated hydrohalic acid solutions produce visible white fumes. This mist arises from the formation of tiny droplets of their concentrated aqueous solutions of the hydrohalic acid.

Reactions

Upon dissolution in water, which is highly exothermic, the hydrogen halides give the corresponding acids. These acids are very strong, reflecting their tendency to ionize in aqueous solution yielding hydronium ions (H₃O⁺). With the exception of hydrofluoric acid, the hydrogen halides are strong acids, with acid strength increasing down the group. Hydrofluoric acid is complicated because its strength depends on the concentration owing to the effects of homoconjugation. As solutions in non-aqueous solvents, such as acetonitrile, the hydrogen halides are only modestly acidic however.

Similarly, the hydrogen halides react with ammonia (and other bases), forming ammonium halides:

HX + NH₃ → NH₄X

In organic chemistry, the hydrohalogenation reaction is used to prepare halocarbons. For example, chloroethane is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene:^[5]

C₂H₄ + HCl → CH₃CH₂Cl

References

^ ^a ^b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ The Acidity of the Hydrogen Halides. (2020, August 21). Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/3699
^ Schmid, Roland; Miah, Arzu M. (2001). "The Strength of the Hydrohalic Acids". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 116. doi:10.1021/ed078p116. ISSN 0021-9584.
^ de Farias, Robson Fernandes (January 2017). "Estimation of some physical properties for tennessine and tennessine hydride (TsH)". Chemical Physics Letters. 667: 1–3. Bibcode:2017CPL...667....1D. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.11.023.
^ M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2

[Green-1] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Clark-2] The Acidity of the Hydrogen Halides. (2020, August 21). Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/3699

[3] Schmid, Roland; Miah, Arzu M. (2001). "The Strength of the Hydrohalic Acids". Journal of Chemical Education. 78 (1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 116. doi:10.1021/ed078p116. ISSN 0021-9584.

[4] Farias, Robson Fernandes (January 2017). "Estimation of some physical properties for tennessine and tennessine hydride (TsH)". Chemical Physics Letters. 667: 1–3. Bibcode:2017CPL...667....1D. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.11.023.

[Ullmann-5] M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]