Hypericum formosissimum is a species of flowering plant in the St John's wort family Hypericaceae. Found in the cracks of limestone rocks, it is a small perennial herb that grows in a pillow-like shape, has yellow flower petals, and blooms in the late summer. The plant is rare and has a limited habitat in Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. It is threatened by rock collapses, urbanization, and road construction; it is not protected by conservation efforts.
| Hypericum formosissimum | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Hypericaceae |
| Genus: | Hypericum |
| Section: | Hypericum sect. Adenosepalum |
| Species: | H. formosissimum
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| Binomial name | |
| Hypericum formosissimum | |
| Synonyms | |
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The species was first described as Hypericum formosum by Soviet-Armenian botanist Armen Takhtajan and was later excluded from a genus-wide monograph of Hypericum by English botanist Norman Robson. When the species was reviewed by Robson, he was uncertain whether it belonged in section Origanifolia or section Adenosepalum. In a 2013 online publication, Robson placed the species in a Hypericum huber-morathii group within section Adenosepalum alongside several related species.
Description
editHypericum formosissimum is a perennial herb that grows 3–10 centimetres (1.2–3.9 inches) tall. It lacks small hairs on its surfaces, and grows in a pillow-like shape. The plant has many slender and brittle stems that grow in straggling directions. The leaves grow from nodes spaced 0.3–1.4 cm (0.12–0.55 in) from each other along the stems. The leaves are attached by a short leaf stalk that is 0.2–0.3 cm (0.079–0.118 in) long, and they have blades that are 0.3–1.0 cm (0.12–0.39 in) long and 0.3–0.8 cm (0.12–0.31 in) wide. The leaf blade is thin but almost leathery (coriaceous) in texture, with a rounded tip and flattened base. There are black glands spaced out across the surface of the leaf. The veins are difficult to see, but there are two pairs of lateral veins that branch out from the part of the midrib closest to the base of the leaf.[1]
Each flower cluster has between one and five flowers from a single node at the end of a stem. The buds are globe-shaped with a rounded tip. The flowers are 1.0–1.2 cm (0.39–0.47 in) wide and have small bract-like structures with black glands below them. The sepals are 0.2 cm (0.079 in) long and 0.1 cm (0.039 in) wide, with a single large vein and pale amber and black glands. The petals are pale yellow, 0.6–0.8 cm (0.24–0.31 in) long and 0.2–0.5 cm (0.079–0.197 in) wide, with no pointed tip and pale glands. The flowers have 18–20 stamens, the longest of which is around 0.5–0.6 cm (0.20–0.24 in) long. The styles are two or three times longer than the ovary, and the seed capsule is around 0.3 cm (0.12 in) long with several partial vittae. The seeds are brown and 0.1–0.3 cm (0.039–0.118 in) long, and have small linear pits on their surface.[1]
Hypericum formosissimum flowers in June and July and fruits from July to August.[2][3]
Chemistry
editUnlike most species in the genus Hypericum, H. formosissimum does not contain both hypericin and pseudohypericin in its chemical profile. It contains only pseudohypericin, which is present at similar levels to other related species like H. annulatum and H. montanum.[4]
Etymology
editThe genus name Hypericum is possibly derived from the Greek words hyper (above) and eikon (picture), in reference to the tradition of hanging the plant over religious icons in the home.[5] The specific epithet formosissimum derives from the superlative form of formosus, which means "beautiful" or "finely formed".[6] In Turkish, the species is known as bitlis kantaronu, sharing a name with the Anatolian city and province of Bitlis.[7][8]
Taxonomy
editThe species was first described in 1937 as Hypericum formosum by Armen Takhtajan in the botanical series of the Soviet academic journal Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR.[9] This name was illegitimate, because Carl Sigismund Kunth had already validly published the accepted species Hypericum formosum in 1822.[10] The name Hypericum formosum was also illegitimately used by Asa Gray in 1853 to describe Hypericum scouleri.[11] In 1940, Takhtajan corrected his illegitimate name in a publication in Zametki po Sistematike i Geografii Rastenii, creating the new combination Hypericum formosissimum.[12]
Hypericum formosissimum was originally excluded from a comprehensive monograph of the genus Hypericum by botanist Norman Robson, along with the related species H. huber-morathii and H. minutum.[13][14] The species was later addressed by Robson in 1993 and 1996. In 1993, he acknowledged that the species should be treated as part of sect. Adenosepalum. However, he also stated that removing H. formosissimum, the aforementioned related species, and several other species related to Hypericum elodeoides would lead to a "purified" sect. Adenosepalum forming a "natural group" of species.[15] In 1996, he then advocated for their inclusion in sect. Origanifolia based on the structure of their vittae which would relate them most closely to Hypericum aviculariifolium in the latter section.[16]
In an online edition of the monograph published in 2013, the species was included by Norman Robson and his colleague David Pattinson within a "Huber-morathii group" inside sect. Adenosepalum. There, Pattinson speculated that H. formosissimum was an "extreme development" of sect. Adenosepalum because of its pillow-shaped growth pattern and almost threadlike stems. In the online classification, the placement of Hypericum formosissimum was summarized as follows:[1]
- Hypericum subg. Hypericum
- Hypericum sect. Adenosepalum
- Huber-morathii group
- H. decaisneanum – H. formosissimum – H. huber-morathii – H. minutum – H. sechmenii
- Huber-morathii group
- Hypericum sect. Adenosepalum
Distribution, habitat, and ecology
edit
In Turkey, Hypericum formosissimum is only found in the Yukarı Murat-Van region of eastern Anatolia.[8] It also grows in Armenia and the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan.[1] Across its distribution, the species can be found in the cracks between limestone rocks at elevations of 1,500–1,900 metres (4,900–6,200 feet).[1][2] The species has been noted to be a part of a plant community centered around the flowering plant Eremurus spectabilis.[Note 1][17]
Hypericum formosissimum was listed in the Red Data Book of Armenia as a Rare species, but has not been included in CITES or the Berne Convention. It has a limited distribution of less than 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) with only three localities in Armenia, one in Azerbaijan, and one in Turkey. It is threatened by natural factors like collapsing rocks, as well as human factors like urbanization and road construction. As of 2016, no conservation action had been taken, but ecological advocacy groups have called for the protection of a locality near Areni, Armenia, as a nature monument.[3]
When the plant is cultivated, it is grown in sunny and dry areas with protection from winter dampness. It can be grown in poor, well-drained soil. Propagation is undertaken by seeding in springtime; the seed is covered with a small amount of soil and left to germinate for 1–3 months. Division is done in the spring while cuttings are taken in the late summer.[2]
Notes
edit- ^ Other species in the association include Melilotus officinalis, Lotus corniculatus, Astragalus prilipkoanus, Hordeum bulbosum, Cynodon dactylon, Phleum phleoides, Stipa hohenackeriana, Campanula glomerata, Diphelypaea tournefortii, Althaea hirsuta, Verbascum pyramidatum, and Valeriana tiliifolia.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Pattinson, David; Robson, Norman; Nürk, Nicolai; Crockett, Sarah (2013). "Hypericum formosissimum Nomenclature". Hypericum Online (hypericum.myspecies.info). Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Slabý, Pavel (2021). "Hypericum formosissimum". Rock Garden Plants. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Hypericum formosissimum: Red Data Book of Armenia". EcoNews. 26 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ Kitanov 2001, p. 175.
- ^ Coombes 2012, p. 172.
- ^ "formosus, formosa (ID: 20909)". Latdict. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Bitlis kantaronu". Bizim Bitkiler. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Bitliskantaronu". Flora Anatolica (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Hypericum formosum Takht.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Hypericum formosum Kunth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Hypericum formosum A.Gray". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Hypericum formosissimum Takht.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ Nürk & Blattner 2010, p. 1497.
- ^ Crockett & Robson 2011, p. 23.
- ^ Robson 1993, p. 69.
- ^ Robson 1996, p. 76.
- ^ Azad 2022, p. 48.
Bibliography
edit- Azad, Novruzi (2022). "Petrophile (Rocky-Gravel) Plant Type of Garagush Mountain" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. 9. ISBN 978-3-954753-03-1.
- Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names: a quick reference guide to 4000 garden plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
- Crockett, Sara; Robson, Norman (2011). "Taxonomy and Chemotaxonomy of the Genus Hypericum". Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology. 5 (1): 1–13. PMC 3364714. PMID 22662019.
- Kitanov, Gerassim (2001). "Hypericin and pseudohypericin in some Hypericum species" (PDF). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29 – via Internet Archive.
- Nürk, Nicolai; Blattner, Frank (2010). "Cladistic analysis of morphological characters in Hypericum (Hypericaceae)" (PDF). Taxon. 59 (5): 1495–1507. doi:10.1002/tax.595014. JSTOR 20774044 – via JSTOR.
- Robson, Norman (1993). "Studies in Hypericum: validation of new names". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. 23 (2) – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- Robson, Norman (1996). "Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae) 6. Sections 20. Myriandra to 28. Elodes". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. 26 (2) – via Biodiversity Heritage Society.