Baka (also called Be-bayaga, Be-bayaka, and Bibaya de L’est) is a dialect cluster of Ubangian languages spoken by the Baka Pygmies of Cameroon and Gabon. Ethnically, the people are closely related to the Aka, collectively known as the Mbenga (Bambenga). However, the languages are not related, apart from some vocabulary dealing with the forest economy, which suggests the Aka may have shifted to Bantu, with an estimated 15,000 people having done so.
| Baka | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Cameroon, Gabon; minor groups separate in the Central African Republic |
| Ethnicity | Baka |
Native speakers | (70,000 cited 1988–2010)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:bkc – Bakagdi – Gundi (Ngundi)gnz – Ganzibme – Massa (Limassa) |
| Glottolog | baka1271 |
| ELP | |
Classification
editApproximately 30% of Baka's vocabulary is not Ubangian. Much of this concerns a specialized forest economy, such as words for edible plants, medicinal plants, and honey collecting, and has been posited as the remnant of an ancestral Pygmy language which has otherwise vanished.[2] However, apart from some words shared with the Aka, there is no evidence for a wider linguistic affiliation with any of the other Pygmy peoples.[3]
Distribution
editBaka is spoken in much of the southeastern forest zone of Cameroon, in:[4]
- Eastern Region
- Kadey department (Ndélélé and Mbang communes)
- Haut-Nyong department (Dimako, Doumé, Abong-Mbang, Lomié, and Ngoyla communes)
- Boumba-et-Ngoko department (Moloundou, Yokadouma, and Gari-Gombo communes)
- Southern Region
- Dja-et-Lobo department (Bengbis, Meyomessala, Sangmélima, Djoum, Oveng, and Mintom communes)
The Baka live together with other ethnic groups that are generally located along the main roads. The Baka speak a language very close to that of the Ngbaka Ma'bo of the Central African Republic, which clearly indicates that the Baka of Cameroon had recently arrived from an area much further to the east. In Cameroon, they are referred to as Eastern Pygmies, as opposed to the Bagyali, Pygmy groups from Océan Department who speak a Bantu language (A80 subgroup). The Baka number 25,000 in Cameroon. They are also found in Gabon (Phillips 1980) and in the Central African Republic.[4]
Varieties
editIt is unclear if Gundi (Ngundi), Ganzi, and Massa (Limassa), are mutually intelligible with Baka proper. Most Massa have shifted to Gundi, which is spoken by 9,000 people.[1]
The Ngombe tribe speaks Gundi. It may have been confused in the literature with the Ngombe population speaking the Bangandu language.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t | k | k͡p | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡ͡b | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | plain | ɸ | s | h | |||
| voiced | β | ||||||
| Affricate | voiced | d͡z ~ d͡ʒ | |||||
| prenasalized | ⁿd͡z ~ ⁿd͡ʒ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Semivowel | j | w | |||||
/d͡z/ can also be heard as post-alveolar [d͡ʒ], among different dialects.[5]
Vowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a | |
References
edit- ^ a b Baka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Gundi (Ngundi) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Ganzi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Massa (Limassa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Serge Bahuchet, 1993, History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics. In C.M. Hladik, ed., Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development. Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
- ^ Blench (in press)
- ^ a b Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in French). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ Bertille, Djoupee; Essono, Jean-Jacques Marie (2002). Morphologie Nominale du Baka. Université de Yaoundé.
- ^ Paulin, Pascale (2010). Les Baka du Gabon dans une dynamique de transformations culturelles.
External links
edit- Baka Pygmies Culture and photos, with soundscapes of Baka camps in the rainforest
- Baka Forest People Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Information, videos, music and photos of the Baka from Moloundou region of Cameroon.
- Baka: A Highly Endangered Language of Northern Cameroun Baka information and word list
- ELAR collection: A documentation of the remnant Baka-Gundi language Limassa deposited by Benedikt Winkhart