Pattani, also known as Manchad, is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
| Pattani | |
|---|---|
| Hendubhashe | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Himachal Pradesh |
| Ethnicity | 20,000 (2002)[1] |
Native speakers | 16,510 (2011)[2] L2 speakers: 5,000 (1997)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | lae |
| Glottolog | patt1248 |
| ELP | Pattani |
Names
editThe language has a variety of names, the most prominent being Manchati, Manchad kad, Patani, Mellog kad, Chamba Lahuli, Swangla, Songloboli or Changsapa Boli. Its native name is Hendubhashe. The Indian census erroneously includes the language as a dialect of Gujarati.
Distribution
editPattani is spoken in the Lahul Valley, Pattan, Chamba-Lahul, and lower Mayar valleys. There are also some speakers in Kullu and Manali cities, and in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir.
General information
editThere are about 10,000 people in the western Himalayas who speak the Pattani Language. Pattani Language has several names. One of them is Manchad, which was given by the Tod valley people who live in the area where Manchad was originated. The religious belief of Manchad speakers is either Hinduism or Buddhism. Almost all of them can speak Hindi and Manchad is being increasingly restricted to home use only. Because there is no written tradition in Manchad, the article resources and stories of Manchad are usually recorded in Hindi or Tibetan orthography.[3]
Grammar
edit- The three-way contrast in number: singular, dual and plural.
- Gender is not grammatical and is lexically based.
- The verbal agreement system: person-number elements are indicated in verbs.
- The sentence structure: simple, compound and complex sentences.
- Pattani Language has complex pronominalisation and a complex verbal system.[3]
Syntax
editPattani word order is subject–object–verb (SOV)[4]
Dialects
editEthnologue lists three Pattani dialects.
- Chamba-Lahuli (Western Pattani)
- Eastern Pattani
- Central Pattani
There are 3 caste dialects, namely Pandit-Rajput, Harijan, and Lohar. The lower castes can understand Pandit-Rajput, but not vice versa.
References
edit- ^ a b Pattani language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ a b Sharma, S. R. (2006), "A Manchad grammar", IIAS Newsletter, 42: 30, retrieved 12 May 2016
- ^ Dryer, M. S. (2008), "Word order in Tibeto-Burman languages" (PDF), Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 31 (1): 1, retrieved 12 May 2016
- Nishi 西, Yoshio 義郎 (1992g). "マンチャト語" [Manchad, Manchaṭi, (LSI) Manchāṭī]. In 亀井 Kamei, 孝 Takashi; 河野 Kōno, 六郎 Rokurō; 千野 Chino, 栄一 Eichi (eds.). 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics (in Japanese). Vol. 4. Tokyo: 三省堂 Sanseido Press. pp. 211a–216b. ISBN 4385152128.
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