Nen (or Nen Zi, Nenium, Wekamara) is a Yam language spoken in the Bimadbn village in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, with 250 speakers as of a 2002 SIL survey. It is situated between the speech communities of Nambu and Idi.
| Nen | |
|---|---|
| Region | Western Province (Papua New Guinea) |
Native speakers | 350 (2018)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nqn |
| Glottolog | nenn1238 |
| ELP | Nen |
Nen has unusual lexicalization patterns in its verbs. It has very few intransitive verbs, and where some verbs would be intransitive in most other languages, Nen has a class of morphologically "middle" verbs in their place. Many of the few intransitive verbs that Nen does have are positional verbs, which refer to spatial positions and postures.[2]
Phonology
editThe Nen phonemic inventory includes 22 consonants:[3]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial-velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiced | p | t | k | k͡p | |
| voiceless | b | d | ɡ | g͡b | ||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ͡m | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ||||
| voiced | z | |||||
| prenasalized | ⁿz | |||||
| Approximant | liquid | r l | ||||
| semivowel | j | w |
- /h/ occurs rarely in a few interactional and deictic words.
- Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ||
| Mid | e | (ə) | o |
| Near-open | æ | ||
| Open | a |
- /ã, ẽ/ occur rarely in a few interactional and deictic words.
Morphology
editNumber
editThe realization of different grammatical meanings of Number in the noun depends on the syntactic function and case marking. The noun in the dative overtly differentiates 4 grammatical meaning of number: singular, dual, paucal and plural; the noun in the oblique shows singular ~ dual ~ paucal/plural opposition, while the ergative − singular ~ dual/paucal ~ plural, and the noun in absolutive cannot be distinguished according to number.[4]
Direction
editThe verb expresses three grammatical meaning of motion: neutral − /Ø-/, towards speaker /n-/, and away from speaker /ng-/: n-Ø-armbte '(s)he is ascending' ~ n-n-armbte '(s)he is coming up (towards speaker) ~ n-ng-armbte '(s)he is going up (away from speaker).[4]: 1056
Syntax
editThe constituent order in clause is SOV. Case marking shows ergative/absolutive alignment.[4]
Argument structure and valency
editAccording to indexing, the verbs can be either prefixing (an undergoer argument is cross-referenced by a prefix) or ambifixing (arguments are cross-referenced by both prefix and suffix in the verb). In the transitive predicate, a verbal prefix expresses patient and a verbal suffix − actor. There are several types of valency pattern in Nen:[4]: 1058–68
1. Basically monovalent pattern
- Basic intransitive − NPabs U-V
- Intrinsic middle − NPabs M-V-A
- Middle with cognate object − NPabs + NPabs M-V-A
2. Basically divalent pattern
- Basic transitive − NPerg + NPabs U-V-A
- Experiencer object construction − NPabs > NPerg U-V-A3sg
- Transitive verbs with deponent middle verbal morphology − Nperg + NPabs M-V-A
- Semi-transitive verb registering oblique on undergoer slot − NPerg + NPobl U-V-A
3. Trivalent pattern
The arguments get the following case marking: the subject − ergative, the direct object − absolutive, and the indirect object − dative. In a trivalent predicate, the indirect object argument (semantically, recipient) is cross-referenced in the verb by the undergoer prefix.[4]: 1067–68
Causative
editThe causative is got by the adding of the meaning 'cause (motion/trajectory) through sustained contact (carrying, leading etc.)' to the middle verbs. Prefix /wa-/ in the verb expresses the meaning and the causer and causee are reflected by the ergative and absolutive cases, respectively.[4]
Benefactive
editBeneficiary is expressed by the undergoer prefix.[4]: 1058–68
Notes
edit- ^ Nen at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Evans, Nicholas (2014). "Positional Verbs in Nen". Oceanic Linguistics. 53 (2): 225–255. doi:10.1353/ol.2014.0019. hdl:1885/14019.
- ^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The Languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g Evans (2015)
Further reading
edit- Evans, Nicholas and Miller, Julia Colleen (2016). "Nen". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 46 (3): 331–349. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000365
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.
References
edit- Evans, Nicholas (2015), "Valency in Nen", in Andrej Malchukov; Bernard Comrie (eds.), Valency Classes in the World's Languages, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
- Evans, Nicholas; Miller, Julia Colleen (2016). "Nen". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 46 (3): 331–349. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000365.
External links
edit- Nen dictionary by Nicholas Evans (on Dictionaria)