Orokolo is a Trans–New Guinea language of the Eleman branch spoken in Ihu Rural LLG, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea by about 50,000 people (2010). Alternate names are Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, and West Elema.[1] It is spoken in various villages, including Vailala (7°56′44″S 145°25′40″E / 7.945571°S 145.427676°E).[2] It is notable for having a very small consonant inventory.
| Orokolo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Ihu Rural LLG, Gulf Province |
Native speakers | (7,500 cited 1986)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | oro |
| Glottolog | orok1267 |
Literature
editThis first New Testament (Pupu Oharo Āre) was translated by the Rev. S. H. Dewdney, a Congregational missionary with the London Missionary Society, and Lavako Maika, an evangelist. It was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1963. Genesis, called Genese, was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Australia in 1970. Ruth, called Rute, was published by the Bible Society in Australia, in 1972.[3]
Phonology
editOrokolo has six consonant phonemes.[4]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obstruent | p | t | k | |
| Continuant | m | l | h |
/m l/ are nasal [m n] word-initially and oral [β l] intervocalically. The alveolar plosive /t/ is about 10 times rarer than it is in the related language Toaripi. Most instances of historical /t/ shifted to /k/ in Orokolo, as shown by the cognates below. The exception to this is when */t/ followed /i/ and preceded /a/, in which case it was retained in Orokolo and the Sepoe dialect of Toaripi, but shifted to /s/ in Toaripi proper.
| Orokolo | Toaripi | Sepoe | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| /uki/ | /uti/ | "bone" | |
| /keke/ | /tete/ | "fishscale" | |
| /kukululu/ | /tutululu/ | "thundering" | |
| /harita/ | /farisa/ | /farita/ | "arrow" |
| /haita/ | /saesa/ | /saita/ | "dish" |
However, since original /k/ still appears in this position (e.g. /heaikapo/ "long"), /t/ and /k/ are distinct phonemes and not allophones. The other major sound change which characterises Orokolo is the shift of */f/ and */s/ to /h/, reducing the fricative inventory to one member; compare for instance Orokolo /hapa/ "open" and /ahe/ "sugarcane" with Toaripi /fapai/, /ase/.
Orokolo also has six vowels,[4] giving it an unusually low consonant-vowel ratio of 1.[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɔ | ||
| Open | a |
/o/ and /ɔ/ are not distinguished orthographically, both being written o.
External links
edit- Materials on Orokolo are included in the open access Arthur Capell collection (AC1) and Tom Dutton (TD1) collection held by Paradisec.
- The New Testament is on YouVersion.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b Orokolo at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ ORO Bible | Pupu Oharo Āre 1963, Genese 1970, Rute 1972 | YouVersion.
- ^ a b Brown, H.A. (1973). "Chapter 8: The Eleman Language Family". In Franklin, K. (ed.). The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 279–376.
- ^ "WALS Online - Chapter Consonant-Vowel Ratio". wals.info. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
