Lehali (previously known as Teqel) is an Oceanic language spoken by about 200 people, on the west coast of Ureparapara Island in Vanuatu.[1] It is distinct from Löyöp, the language spoken on the east coast of the same island.
| Lehali | |
|---|---|
| Loli | |
| Pronunciation | [lɔli] |
| Native to | Vanuatu |
| Region | Ureparapara |
Native speakers | 200 (2010)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tql |
| Glottolog | leha1243 |
| ELP | Lehali |
 Lehali is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Name
editThe language is named after the village where it is spoken, natively referred to as Loli [lɔli]. The name Lehali does not have any etymological value, other than being a corruption of the native name.[citation needed]
Phonology
editLehali phonemically contrasts 16 consonants and 10 vowels.[3]
Consonants
editLehali consonants Bilabial Alveolar Dorsal Labialized
velarGlottal Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨n̄⟩ ŋʷ ⟨n̄w⟩ Stop voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ kʷ ⟨q⟩ prenasalized ⁿd ⟨d⟩ Fricative β ⟨v⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ɣ ⟨g⟩ h ⟨h⟩ Approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
Vowels
editThe 10 vowel phonemes are all short monophthongs /i ɪ ɛ æ ə a ɒ̝ ɔ ʊ u/:[4][3]
Lehali vowels Front Central Back Close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩ Near-close ɪ ⟨ē⟩ ə ⟨ë⟩ ʊ ⟨ō⟩ Open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩ Near-open æ ⟨ä⟩ ɒ̝ ⟨ö⟩ Open a ⟨a⟩
Historical phonology
editThe ⟨y⟩ /j/ phoneme originates in a former trill *r: e.g. /-jɔ/ < POc *rua 'two'.[5] Lehali shares that particular sound change with its neighbors Löyöp, Volow, and Mwotlap.
Grammar
editThe system of personal pronouns in Lehali contrasts clusivity, and distinguishes four numbers (singular, dual, trial, plural).[6]
Spatial reference in Lehali is based on a system of geocentric (absolute) directionals, which is in part typical of Oceanic languages, and yet innovative.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b List of Banks islands languages.
- ^ A rough translation can be found in the comments to the Youtube version of this video.
- ^ a b François (2021).
- ^ François 2011, p. 194.
- ^ François 2016, pp. 31, 46.
- ^ François 2016.
- ^ François 2015, pp. 175–176.
Bibliography
edit- François, Alexandre (2011). "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF). Journal of Historical Linguistics. 1 (2): 175–246. doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra. hdl:1885/29283. S2CID 42217419..
- —— (2012). "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2012 (214): 85–110. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022. S2CID 145208588.
- —— (2015). "The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages" (PDF). In Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell (eds.). The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 137–195. hdl:1885/14819. ISBN 978-1-922185-23-5.
- —— (2016). "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF). In Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.). Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles. Faits de Langues. Vol. 47. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 25–60.
- —— (2021). "Presentation of the Lehali language and audio archive". Pangloss Collection. Paris: CNRS. Retrieved 21 Feb 2022.
External links
edit- Audio recordings in the Lehali language, in open access, by A. François (Pangloss Collection).
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