The Twana (tuwaduq)[3] language, also known as Skokomish, is a Coast Salish language of the Salishan language family, spoken by the Twana, the Indigenous people of Hood Canal, in Washington. The name "Skokomish" is an Anglicization of the Twana word squqəʔbəš and means "river people" or "people of the river".[3][4][5][6]
| Twana | |
|---|---|
| Skokomish | |
| tuwaduq | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Puget Sound, precisely Hood Canal, Washington state |
| Ethnicity | 350 Twana (1977)[1] |
| Extinct | 1980[1] |
| Revival | 2010s[2] |
Salishan
| |
| NAPA | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | twa |
| Glottolog | twan1247 |
History
editIt is believed by some elders within the Skokomish community (such as Bruce Subiyay Miller) that the language branched off from Lushootseed (a neighboring related Coast Salish language) because of the region-wide tradition of not speaking the name of someone who died for a year after their death. Substitute words were found in their place and often became normalizing in the community, generating differences from one community to the next. Subiyay speculated that this process increased the drift rate between languages and separated Twana firmly from Lushootseed.[citation needed]
The last fluent speaker died in 1980.[1][2] The Skokomish Indian Tribe released an online Twana dictionary in 2020,[3] and the language is currently being revived.[2]
Phonology
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | ||
| voiced | b | d | d͡z[a] | d͡ʒ[a] | ɡ[a] | ɡʷ[a] | |||||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | x[b] | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | |||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | w | |||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw | |||||||
Vowel sounds present are [e ɛ ə o a].
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Twana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c "Breathing life into the Tuwaduq language - Indian Country Today". 2022-08-16. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
- ^ a b c Drachman, Gaberell (2020). tuwaduq: The Twana Language E-Dictionary Project (PDF). Skokomish Indian Tribe.
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ Wray, Jacilee (2003). "Skokomish: Twana Descendants". Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula: Who We Are. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8061-3552-6. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ The Skokomish Tribal Nation
- ^ Drachman, Gaberell (1969). Twana Phonology. Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University.
External links
edit
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