Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk,[2] north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century.[2]
| Arin | |
|---|---|
| Ar Ara | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yenisei River |
| Ethnicity | Arin people |
| Extinct | 1790[1] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xrn |
xrn | |
| Glottolog | arin1243 |
 Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in blue. | |
It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.[2]
Geographical distribution
editHydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes -set, -igai, -lat, -zat, -zet and -sat (meaning "river") and -kul'/-kul (meaning "water").[3] These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the ar-jäx "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.[2][4]
Classification
editIt is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.[4] The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,[5] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.[6]
Phonology
editOne notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial k- and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word kul (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word uˑl’ and the Kott word ûl.[7]
Vowels
editThe vowel system in Arin is as follows:[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | (ʌ)1 | ɔ |
| Open | æ | a |
- The sound [ʌ], transcribed as ö, is only attested in the words ögga 'six', qoa-ögga 'sixteen', ögťuːŋ 'sixty', and utqʼöːnoŋ 'ear', and potentially also in pon’a (also recorded as pun) 'duck'.
Consonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | pʼh [pʲ] | t [t] | tʼ [tʲ] | k [k] | kʼ [kʲ] | q [q] | qʼ [qʲ] | (ʔ [ʔ])1 |
| voiced | b [b] | d [d] | dʼ [dʲ] | g [g] | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f [f]) | s [s] š [ʃ] | sʼ [sʲ] | x [χ] | (h [h]) | ||||
| voiced | (v [v]) | z [z] ž [ʒ] | ||||||||
| Affricate | c [t͡s] | č [t͡ʃ] (dž [d͡ʒ]) | ||||||||
| Nasal | m [m] | mʼ [mʲ] | n [n] | nʼ [nʲ] | ŋ [ŋ] | |||||
| Lateral | l [l] | lʼ [lʲ] | ||||||||
| Approximant | j [j] | |||||||||
| Trill | r [r] | (rʼ [rʲ]) | ||||||||
Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.
- [ʔ] is only assumed from other Yeniseian languages and is only a prosodic device of tone.
There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.[3]
Lexicon
editEtymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word teminkur (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word *tämir qān (meaning "iron blood").[8]
Numerals
edit| No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | qusej | Кг̧узей |
| 2 | kina | Ки́на |
| 3 | tʼoŋa | Тьюнга |
| 4 | šája ~ šaga ~ šeja | Ша́га |
| 5 | qala ~ qaga ~ kala | Ка́ла |
| 6 | ögga ~ ɨga ~ ɛge | Эгга |
| 7 | ɨnʼa ~ ona ~ una | Ыньа |
| 8 | kinamančau | Кинаманчау́ |
| 9 | qusamančau | Кг̧усаманчау |
| 10 | qoa | Кг̧оа |
| 11 | qóa-qúsa | |
| 12 | qóa-kina | |
| 13 | qóa-tʼoŋa | |
| 14 | qoa-šaja | |
| 15 | qoa-qala | |
| 16 | qoa-ögga | |
| 17 | qoa-ɨnʼa | |
| 18 | qoa-kinamančaú | |
| 19 | qoa-qusamančau | |
| 20 | kintʼuŋ | |
| 30 | tʼoŋtʼuːŋ | |
| 40 | šájtʼuːŋ | |
| 50 | qaltʼuːŋ | |
| 60 | ögtʼuːŋ ~ uj-tuŋ | |
| 70 | ɨ́ntʼuŋ | |
| 80 | kina-mančaú tʼuːŋ | |
| 90 | qusamančautʼuːŋ | |
| 100 | jus | Іусь |
| 200 | kin-jus | |
| 300 | tʼoŋ-jus | |
| 1000 | qo-jus |
References
edit- ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Arin". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ a b c d Georg, Stefan (2007). A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak). Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^ a b c d Werner, Heinrich (2005). Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05239-9.
- ^ a b Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-26
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87–104. ISSN 0008-9192. JSTOR 41928223.
- ^ VOVIN, Alexander; VAJDA, Edward; DE LA VAISSIÈRE, Étienne (2016). "Who were the *Kjet and What Language did they Speak?". Journal Asiatique (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838. ISSN 1783-1504.
- ^ Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (22 December 2023). "The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230044. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
- ^ Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2015). "On the Yeniseian Arin word teminkur 'ore'". Words and Dictionaries: A Festschrift for Professor Stanisław Stachowski on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday: 149–154. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ Pallas, Peter Simon (1789). Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2.
External links
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