The Royal Road progression (王道進行, ōdō shinkō), also known as the IVM7–V7–iii7–vi progression or koakuma chord progression (小悪魔コード進行, koakuma kōdo shinkō),[1] is a common chord progression within contemporary Japanese pop music.[2]

IVM7–V7–iii7–vi chord progression in C. Play
One potential way to resolve the chord progression using the tonic chord: ii–V7–I. Play

The chord progression

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It involves the seventh chords of IV, V, and iii, along with a vi chord; for example, in the key of C major, this would be: FM7–G7–Em7–Am.[3][2][4] The progression is also very often found with a vi7 chord in place of the vi, thereby making every chord in the progression a seventh chord.

The chord progression may be resolved with the tonic chord, for example in a IVM7–V7–I or a ii7–V7–I progression.[3] IVM7–V7–iii7–vi–ii7–V7–I creates a full circle of fifths progression in the major mode, with V7 substituting for vii°. In C major, this would be FM7–G7–Em7–Am–Dm7–G7–C.

The basic progression can be found in two versions. The first uses V7 in its third inversion (G7/F), the other uses V7 in its root position (G7).[2] The former appears in lushly orchestrated pop arrangements, while the latter appears mainly in rock and electronic music.[2]

 
Ōdō progression in major with cadential resolution: IVM7–V7–iii7–vi–ii7–V7–I.

In a minor key, there are two versions of the progression: VIM7–VII7–v7–i and iv7–v7–IIIM7–VI. The first version can be thought as an essential iv–v–v–i with the VI and VII chords substituting for the iv and v respectively, or as a VI–ii°–v–i with the ii° being substituted by the VII chord. For the second version, a cadential suffix may be added, such as iv7–V7–i or iiø7–V7–i. When resolved by iiø7–V7–i, a large progression iv7–v7–IIIM7–VI–iiø7–V7–i is created, where the v7 substitutes for the VII. In A minor, this would be Dm7–Em7–CM7–F–Bm7(♭5)–E7–Am.

 
Ōdō progression in minor with cadential resolution: iv7–v7–IIIM7–VI–iiø7–V7–i.

Variations on the Royal Road progression may include IVM7–V7–IM7–vi, ii7–V7–iii7–vi, or IVM7–viiø7–iii7–vi for the major version, and iv7–VII7–v7–i, iiø7–VII7–v7–i, VIM7–iiø7–v7–i, or iv7–VII7–IIIM7–VI for the minor version(s).

When this progression is resolved by a ii7–V7–I cadence, it becomes IVM7–V7–iii7–vi–ii7–V7–I, a sequence of descending fifths with V7 substituting for the vii° chord. The sequence of descending fifths was used regularly in tonal music since the Baroque era.

In Western pop music, the progression can be used without the seventh notes, so that it becomes IV–V–iii–vi. If resolved by an ii–V–I cadence, this becomes IV–V–iii–vi–ii–V–I.

Nomenclature

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The name for the progression, ōdō shinkō (王道進行), literally translates to "royal road progression". In Japanese, the expression ōdō (王道, "royal road") is used to describe an easy or painless method to do something.

An alternative term, koakuma chord progression, was originally coined by Japanese music producer Seiji Kameda on the 2014 NHK television show Kameda's Music Academy (亀田音楽専門学校, Kameda ongaku senmon gakkō). The phrase koakuma (小悪魔, lit. "little devil") is a phrase used to describe a seductive person who teases with one's feelings;[5] as the chord progression involves two major chords in succession followed immediately by two minor chords, Kameda describes the moment where the progression moves from the major dominant chord to the minor mediant chord as akin to the moment of heartbreak induced by a playful lover, hence the name.[6]

History

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The royal road progression was originally influenced by jazz and rock progressions originating in Western music. The earliest example of the progression in J-Pop occurs in Yumi Arai's "Yasashisa ni Tsutsumareta Nara" (1974), closely followed by Arai's "Sotsugyou Shashin" (1975), released as a hit single by Hi-Fi Set in 1975.[2] The opening of the latter song is very similar to Edward Elgar's "Land of Hope and Glory", which contains a IV−V4/2−I6−vi (F-G7-C/E-Am) progression.[2] Lowering the C in the C/E chord to B would give Em (iii), thus producing a complete Royal Road progression.[2] Even if the lineage of the progression cannot be traced back to Elgar, the basic IV-V-I-vi progression could be considered a predecessor to the Royal Road progression, and this IV-V-I-vi progression was used in the Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand", a hit in Japan in the 1960s.[2]

Arai's use of the progression led to other 1970s and 1980s J-Pop artists, such as Hiroshi Madoka and Akiko Yano, using it.[2] However, the progression reached a new level of popularity after its use in Stock Aitken Waterman's Eurodisco-influenced pop tracks such as Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" and Kylie Minogue's "I Should Be So Lucky", the latter of which was a top 10 hit in Japan.[2] In the 1990s, the immense popularity of Eurobeat in Japan furthered this trend,[2] and the chord progression became so prolific in J-pop to the point where it has become a core part of modern Japanese music.[4] As of 2023, 40% of the top twenty best selling singles of all time in Japan contain the chord progression, and between 1989 and 2019, the year's top-selling Japanese song contained the progression 23% of the time.[2] Pop music lacking the progression is often described as sounding "not Japanese". While artists' overuse of the ōdō progression can often be criticised as lacking in creative originality, the corpus of songs that become bestsellers in Japan and perform well on Japanese record charts feature plenty of tracks utilising the progression,[4] thus contributing to the conservative nature of record labels that lean towards familiar progressions over more risky experimentation.

Songs using the progression

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This is a list of recorded songs containing multiple, repeated uses of the IVM7–V7–iii7–vi and similar progressions.

Asian music

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Song title Artist Year Source
"After School" Weeekly 2021 [citation needed]
"Ai no mama ni Wagamama ni Boku wa Kimi dake o Kizutsukenai" (愛のままにわがままに 僕は君だけを傷つけない) B'z 1993 [citation needed]
"Aishiteru no ni, aisenai" (愛してるのに、愛せない) AAA 2015 [citation needed]
"Aku Bukan Jodohnya" Tri Suaka 2021 [citation needed]
"Aku Sayang Aku" Chintya Gabriella 2020 [citation needed]
"Aku Tak Berdosa" Chossy Pratama 1999 [citation needed]
"Anak Sekolah" Chrisye, Oddie Agam 1987 [citation needed]
"Ano Yume o Nazotte" (あの夢をなぞって) Yoasobi 2020 [citation needed]
"Asuiro Clear Sky" (あすいろClearSky) hololive IDOL PROJECT 2021 [citation needed]
"Baka Mitai" (馬鹿みたい) Takaya Kuroda 2015 [citation needed]
"Berharap Tak Berpisah" Reza Artamevia 2003 [citation needed]
"Bintang Di Hati" Anto Hoed, Melly Goeslaw 2018 [citation needed]
"Bintang Keabadian" Pongki Barata 2001 [citation needed]
"Blue Bird" Ayumi Hamasaki 2006 [citation needed]
"Blue Bird" (ブルーバード) Ikimonogakari 2008 [citation needed]
"Brave Heart" Ayumi Miyazaki 1999 [citation needed]
"Bunda" Anto Hoed, Melly Goeslaw 1997 [citation needed]
"Camouflage" (カムフラージュ) Mariya Takeuchi 1998 [citation needed]
"Cari Pacar Lagi" ST 12 2008 [citation needed]
"Capture the Moment" hololive IDOL PROJECT 2024 [citation needed]
"Chu, Tayousei" (ja:ちゅ、多様性) ano 2022 [citation needed]
"Cintaku Padamu" Ita Purnamasari 1992 [citation needed]
"Cinta Terbaik" Cassandra 2017 [citation needed]
"Connect" ClariS 2011 [citation needed]
"Dari Mata" Jaz 2016 [citation needed]
"Dekat Di Hati" RAN 2013 [citation needed]
"Doakan Aku Tegar" Mutia Ayu 2023 [citation needed]
"Don't say "lazy"" Yōko Hikasa, Aki Toyosaki, Satomi Satō, Minako Kotobuki 2009 [citation needed]
"Donut Hole" (ドーナツホール) Hachi 2013 [citation needed]
"Dream☆Story" Tokino Sora 2019 [citation needed]
"Egao no genki" (笑顔のゲンキ) SMAP 1992 [citation needed]
"End of a Life" Mori Calliope 2021 [citation needed]
"Everything" Misia 2000 [citation needed]
Fake.Fake.Fake AZKi 2019 [citation needed]
"Fragile" Every Little Thing 2001 [citation needed]
"Full Senyum Sayang" Evan Loss 2022 [citation needed]
"future gazer" fripSide 2010 [citation needed]
"Galih & Ratna" Guruh Sukarnoputra 1980 [citation needed]
"Gelaende ga tokeru hodo koishitai" (ゲレンデがとけるほど恋したい) Kohmi Hirose 1995 [citation needed]
"Glory to Hong Kong" Thomas dgx yhl 2019
"GO! GO! MANIAC" Yōko Hikasa, Aki Toyosaki, Satomi Satō, Minako Kotobuki 2010 [citation needed]
"God knows..." Aya Hirano 2006 [citation needed]
"Gravity" Luna Sea 2000 [citation needed]
"Guarana" (ガラナ) Sukima Switch 2006 [citation needed]
"Hakanaku mo Towa no Kanashi" (儚くも永久のカナシ) Uverworld 2008 [citation needed]
"HANABI" Mr. Children 2008 [citation needed]
"Haneuma Rider" (ハネウマライダー) Porno Graffitti 2006 [citation needed]
"Harusnya Aku" Armada 2014 [citation needed]
"HERO" Exile 2004 [citation needed]
"Hitomi o Tojite" (瞳をとじて) Ken Hirai 2004 [citation needed]
"Hitomi no Juunin" (瞳の住人) L'Arc-en-Ciel 2004 [citation needed]
"Hotaru no Hikari" (ホタルノヒカリ) Ikimonogakari 2009 [citation needed]
Ignite Eir Aoi 2014 [citation needed]
"Impian Cinta" Dwiki Dharmawan (writer) 1994 [citation needed]
"Indah Cintaku" Nicky Tirta, Vanessa Angel 2010 [citation needed]
"Ingat-Ingat Kamu" Maisaka 2016 [citation needed]
"Itoshi no Ellie" (いとしのエリー) Southern All Stars 1979 [citation needed]
"Jadikan Aku Pacarmu (J.A.P)" Sheila on 7 1999 [citation needed]
"Jarak" Beaconcream, Frederett 2024 [citation needed]
"Kaisou Ressha" (海想列車) Minato Aqua 2021 [citation needed]
"Kanashii iro ya ne" (悲しい色やね) Masaki Ueda 1982 [citation needed]
"Kanashimi wo Yasashisa ni" (悲しみをやさしさに) Little by Little 2003 [citation needed]
"Kanzen kankaku Dreamer" (完全感覚Dreamer) One Ok Rock 2010 [citation needed]
"Kasmaran" Phantom 2010 [citation needed]
"Keagungan Tuhan" Ida Laila 1964 [citation needed]
"Kesepian" Dygta 2007 [citation needed]
"Kimagure Romantic" (気まぐれロマンティック) Ikimonogakari 2008 [citation needed]
"Koiiro" (恋色) Mosawo 2022 [citation needed]
"Kupu-Kupu" Tiara Andini 2024 [citation needed]
"Lies and Truth" L'Arc-en-Ciel 1996 [citation needed]
"Love Machine" (LOVEマシーン) Morning Musume 1999 [citation needed]
"Love Rush" Takanashi Kiara 2023 [citation needed]
"Love Scenario" iKON 2018 [citation needed]
"Love So Sweet" Arashi 2007 [citation needed]
"Luka Luka Night Fever" (ルカルカ★ナイトフィーバー) samfree 2009 [citation needed]
"Mantra Hujan" Kobo Kanaeru 2022 [citation needed]
"Mattete Ai no Uta" (待ってて愛のうた) Aqours 2016 [citation needed]
"Meikyū Love Song" (迷宮ラブソング) Arashi 2011 [citation needed]
"Melangkah Di Atas Awan" Dwiki Dharmawan, Eddy D. Iskandar (writers) 1997 [7]
"Melukis Senja" Budi Syahbudin 2020 [citation needed]
"Me Gustas Tu" (오늘부터 우리는) GFriend 2015 [citation needed]
"Menemukanmu" Seventeen 2010 [citation needed]
"Mengejar Mimpi" Yovie & Nuno 2010 [citation needed]
"Menghapus Jejakmu" Noah 2007 [citation needed]
"Merindu Lagi (Pada Kekasih Orang)" Yovie & Nuno 2010 [citation needed]
"Michizure" (みちづれ) Hoshimachi Suisei 2023 [citation needed]
"Miku Miku ni Shite Ageru" (みくみくにしてあげる) Tsuruta Kamo 2007 [citation needed]
"Moshimo" (もしも) Daisuke 2007 [citation needed]
"Natsuiro Egao de 1,2,Jump!" (夏色えがおで1,2,Jump!) μ's 2011 [citation needed]
"Negeri Di Awan" Andre Manika, Katon Bagaskara (writers) 1994 [8]
"Next Color Planet" Hoshimachi Suisei 2020 [citation needed]
"Never Forget" (ja:忘れてやらない) Kessoku Band 2022 [citation needed]
"Niwaka Ame ni Mo Makezu" (ニワカ雨ニモ負ケズ) Nico Touches the Walls 2013 [citation needed]
"Nostalgia SMA" Paramitha Rusady 1988 [citation needed]
"Omega Cat" (ω猫) AZKi 2023 [citation needed]
"Only My Railgun" fripSide 2009 [citation needed]
"Orange" Rie Kugimiya, Yui Horie, Eri Kitamura 2009 [citation needed]
"Orange" (オレンジ) 7!! 2011 [citation needed]
"Oribia o Kikinagara" (オリビアを聴きながら) Anri 1978 [citation needed]
"Pacar Rahasia" Cappucino 2010 [citation needed]
"Perlahan" Guyon Waton 2020 [citation needed]
"Pieces" L'Arc-en-Ciel 1999 [citation needed]
"Rapsodi" JKT48 2020 [citation needed]
"Rise" Tsukumo Sana, Ceres Fauna, Nanashi Mumei, Ouro Kronii, Hakos Baelz 2022 [citation needed]
"Robinson" (ロビンソン) Spitz 1995 [citation needed]
"Rungkad" Vicky Tri Prasetyo, Happy Asmara 2022 [9]
"Sakura" (さくら) Ketsumeishi 2005 [citation needed]
"Satukanlah" Alda 2007 [citation needed]
"Sayang" Via Vallen 2016 [citation needed]
"Sebatas Mimpi" Nano 2009 [citation needed]
"Season in the Sun" (シーズン・イン・ザ・サン) Tube 1989 [citation needed]
"Seiza ni Naretara" (ja:星座になれたら) Kessoku Band 2022 [citation needed]
"Sekai de Ichiban Atsui Natsu" (世界でいちばん熱い夏) Princess Princess 1987 [citation needed]
"Sekitar Kita" Dwiki Dharmawan, Pra Budi Dharma, Trie Utami (writers) 1992 [citation needed]
"Selimut Tetangga" Repvblik 2014 [citation needed]
"Semoga" KLa Project 1990 [citation needed]
"Shiny Smily Story" hololive IDOL PROJECT 2019 [citation needed]
"Shiawase" (幸せ) Back Number 2011 [citation needed]
"Shirushi" (シルシ) LiSA 2014 [citation needed]
"silky heart" Yui Horie 2009 [citation needed]
"SKY SONAR" (ja:スカイソナー) Shiranui Flare 2023 [citation needed]
"Snow Halation" μ's 2010 [citation needed]
"Sotsugyō Shashin" (卒業写真) Yumi Matsutoya 1975 [citation needed]
"Stand By Me" SHINee 2009 [citation needed]
"START:DASH!!" μ's 2013 [citation needed]
"Sumpah Ku Mencintaimu" Seventeen 2013 [citation needed]
"Super Driver" Aya Hirano 2009 [citation needed]
"Sweet Dream" Jang Na-ra 2002 [citation needed]
"Tabun" (たぶん) Yoasobi 2020 [citation needed]
"Tak Punya Nyali" d'Masiv 2016 [citation needed]
"Takut" Vierra 2011 [citation needed]
"Tenshi no Agape" (天使のagape) Amane Kanata 2021 [citation needed]
"Tiba-Tiba" Quinn Salman 2022 [citation needed]
"Tiba-Tiba Cinta Datang" Maudy Ayunda 2011 [citation needed]
"Tuhan Jagakan Dia" Motif Band 2017 [citation needed]
"Uchiage Hanabi" (打上花火) Daoko, Kenshi Yonezu 2017 [citation needed]
"uni-birth" Minato Aqua 2022 [citation needed]
"Unmei no Roulette Mawashite" (運命のルーレット廻して) Zard 1998 [citation needed]
"Utauyo!!MIRACLE" Yōko Hikasa, Aki Toyosaki, Satomi Satō, Minako Kotobuki 2010 [citation needed]
"Wa" (와) Lee Jung Hyun 1999 [citation needed]
"White Love" Speed 1997 [citation needed]
"Wonderful Rush" μ's 2012 [citation needed]
"Yes-No" Off Course 1980 [citation needed]
"Yoru ni Kakeru" (夜に駆ける) Yoasobi 2019 [citation needed]
"Yumezora☆Fanfare" (ja:ユメゾラ☆ファンファーレ) Tokino Sora 2022 [citation needed]
"Zurui onna" (ズルい女) Sharam Q 1995 [citation needed]
"Zenryoku shōnen" (全力少年) Sukima Switch 2005 [citation needed]

Western music

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In Western music, the progression is sometimes seen without the seventh notes, or with some substitution for one of the chords in the progression. Examples include:

Song title Artist Year Progression used Recorded key Sources
"5:15" The Who 1973 IVM7-V7-iii6/5-vi4/2 N/A [citation needed]
"Dilemma" Nelly, Kelly Rowland 2002 ii7-V-iii7-vi F major [citation needed]
"Never Gonna Give You Up" Rick Astley 1987 ii9-V7-iii7-vi D♭ major [2]
"Together Forever" Rick Astley 1988 IVM7-V7-iii7-vi7, IVM7-V7-iii7-vi7-ii6/5-V7-I D major [10]
Não Quero Dinheiro (Só Quero Amar) Tim Maia 1971 IV-V4/2-iii-vi-ii-V-I (chorus only) A major [citation needed]
"4 in the Morning" Gwen Stefani 2006 IV-V-iii-vi (chorus only) E♭ major [11]
"Titanium" David Guetta, Sia 2011 IV-V-iii-vi E♭ major [12]
"Leave the Door Open" Silk Sonic 2021 IV-V-iii-vi C major [13]
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" Whitney Houston 1987 IV-V-iii-vi B♭ major [14]
"Italodancer" Floorfilla 2001 VI-VII-v-i (chorus only) E minor [citation needed]
"It's Gonna Be Me" NSYNC 2000 VI-VII-v-i C minor [15]
"Cruel to Be Kind" Nick Lowe 1979 IV-V-iii-vi C major [citation needed]
“Starlight” Taylor Swift 2012,
2021 (Taylor’s Version)
IV-V-iii-vi,

IV-V-I-vi

E major [16]
"Holiday Road" Lindsey Buckingham 1983 IV-V-iii-vi (chorus only) F major [citation needed]
"Peaches" Jack Black 2023 IV-V-iii-vi (intro/chorus) A minor [17]
"Clumsy" All Time Low 2020 VI-VII-v-i C# minor [18]
"Saturn" Stevie Wonder 1976 IV-V4/2-iii-vi-ii-V7-I C major [citation needed]
"Part of Your World" Alan Menken, Howard Ashman 1989 IV-V4/2-iii-vi (bridge, line 1)

IV-V-III⁷-vi (bridge, line 3)

F major [19]
"Fortnight" Taylor Swift, Post Malone 2024 IV-V-iii-vi B major [20]
"Ghost Town" Benson Boone 2021 IV-V-iii-vi C major [21]
"Little Fury Things" Dinosaur Jr. 1987 IV-Vadd4-iii7-IVadd9 A major [22]

The Princess Kenny theme from South Park also used this chord progression. It contains western music imitating Japanese anime.

In Classical music

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IV–V7–iii–vi–ii7–V7–I progression the third movement of Rachmaninoff's Symphony No. 2

Sergei Rachmaninoff's 2nd symphony features a IV–V7–iii–vi–ii7–V7–I sequence in the third movement.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ 梅村 祥之, 伊達 彩斗 (June 10, 2017). "地図標高データを用いたメロディ生成の試み". 研究報告音楽情報科学. 115 (39). Hiroshima Institute of Technology: 1–6. ISSN 2188-8752. コード進行としてJ-POP で頻繁に使用される「王道 進行」ないし「小悪魔コード進行」と呼ばれる F → G → E m → Am のコード進行… [The chord progression of F → G → E m → Am, a progression often used in J-pop, is called "ōdō shinkō" or "koakuma kōdo shinkō"...]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ramage, Maxwell (2023). "The Royal Road Progression in Japanese Popular Music". Music Theory Spectrum. 45 (2): 238–256. doi:10.1093/mts/mtad008.
  3. ^ a b 大須賀淳 (2014). 作りながらおぼえる作曲術入門. 秀和システム. p. 135. ISBN 9784798041070.
  4. ^ a b c 高増 明 (October 31, 2015). "日本のポピュラー音楽の機器と経済停滞". 関西大学社会学部紀要. 47 (1). 関西大学社会学部: 1–20. hdl:10112/9455. ISSN 0287-6817. ヒットする楽曲も同じようなコード進行、単純なメロディーの曲が多くなっている… 1990年以降のJ-Pop のヒット曲は、サビの部分に同じようなコード進行が使われていることが多いことを指摘し、それを「J-Pop 王道進行」と名付けた。具体的には、Fmaj7 → G7 → Em7 → Am というコード進行がそれにあたる。このようなコード進行は、「抒情的」あるいは「せつない」雰囲気を表現し、日本人が好む曲調を生み出すことができる… 日本では、それが現在に至るまで再生産され続けている。そのようなヒット曲によって、日本人全体が洗脳されていると言ってもいいかもしれない。 [The songs that become blockbuster hits also tend to have similar chord progressions and simple melodies... J-pop hits since 1990 often use a similar chord progression in the chorus segment, such progressions are called "J-pop ōdō shinkō". More specifically, the chord progression is Fmaj7 → G7 → Em7 → Am. This kind of chord progression expresses a "lyrical" or "heartrending" mood, and create a tune that Japanese people like... In Japan, these progressions continue to be reproduced to this day. One might even say that the entire Japanese audience has been captivated by such hit songs.]
  5. ^ デジタル大辞泉. "小悪魔(コアクマ)とは? 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  6. ^ "恋するコード学〜小悪魔編〜" [On love song chords: Koakuma episode]. 亀田音楽専門学校. Season 2. Episode 6 (in Japanese). November 6, 2014. NHK. NHK Educational TV.
  7. ^ "Key and BPM for Melangkah Di Atas Awan". Tunebat. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  8. ^ "Negeri Di Awan". Ultimate Guitar. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  9. ^ "Vicky Trip - RUNGKAD [Original] (Official Music Video)". YouTube. 27 August 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
  10. ^ "Rick Astley "Together Forever" Sheet Music in D major". www.musicnotes.com. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  11. ^ "Gwen Stefani - 4 in the Morning (Chords)".
  12. ^ Sia, David Guetta, Giorgio Tuinfort, Nick Van De Wall (Composers and Lyricists) (2011). "It Girl: Jason Derülo Digital Sheet Music" (Musicnotes). Musicnotes.com. Sony/ATV Music Publishing. MN0097893 (Product Number).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Silk Sonic "Leave the Door Open" Sheet Music in C Major". Musicnotes. 21 April 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  14. ^ ""Whitney Houston "Didn't We Almost Have It All" Sheet Music In B♭ Major"". Musicnotes.
  15. ^ "It's Gonna By Me by NSYNC". Musicnotes. 3 August 2000. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  16. ^ Starlight (Taylor's Version)
  17. ^ "Peaches by Jack Black". Musicnotes. April 7, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  18. ^ Weatherby, Taylor (April 3, 2020). "Inspirations: All Time Low Turned a Summer Vacation Into Vibrant New Album 'Wake Up, Sunshine'". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  19. ^ "Part of Your World". Musicnotes. 1989. Retrieved February 8, 2024.
  20. ^ "Taylor Swift - Fortnight (Chords)".
  21. ^ "Benson Boone - Ghost Town Chords".
  22. ^ Dinosaur Jr. - Little Fury Things (Tab), retrieved 2024-07-12
  23. ^ 高増 明 (October 31, 2015). "日本のポピュラー音楽の機器と経済停滞". 関西大学社会学部紀要. 47 (1). 関西大学社会学部: 1–20. hdl:10112/9455. ISSN 0287-6817. 他にも… 小室進行(小室哲哉は、1990年代に多くのヒット曲を生み出したアーティスト・作曲家・プロデューサーで、小室が好んで使用したコード進行のパターン)といった定型化されたコードパターンが使われることが多い… 小室進行:Am → Dm(F)→ G → C [There are other standardised chord progressions, such as... the Komuro progression (a chord progression favoured by Tetsuya Komuro, an artist, composer and producer who created many hit songs in the 1990s)... Komuro progression: Am → Dm(F)→ G → C]