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Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture

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Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture[note 1] is an autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang, China. Its capital is Yining, also known as Ghulja or Kulja.

Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Autonomous prefecture
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese伊犁哈萨克自治州
 • Uyghurئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى
 • Kazakhىلە قازاق اۆتونوميالىق وبلىسى
Kalajun Grassland with Tian Shan in the background
Steppe of the Tekes County
Xiata Scenic Area in Zhaosu County
Lavender farms in Ili
Guozigou Bridge
Ili River
Ili Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ili Prefecture (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Coordinates: 43°55′N 81°19′E / 43.92°N 81.32°E / 43.92; 81.32
CountryChina
RegionXinjiang
CapitalYining
Government
 • TypeAutonomous prefecture
 • BodyIli Kazakh Autonomous Prefectural People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryQiu Shuhua
 • Congress ChairmanAbdussalam Sadiq
 • GovernorQadan Käbenuly
 • CPPCC ChairmanSerikzhan Orynbai
Area
 • Land56,381.52 km2 (21,769.03 sq mi)
 • inc. Altay & Tacheng268,778.71 km2 (103,776.04 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total6,582,500
GDP[1]
 • TotalCN¥ 222.6 billion
US$ 32.2 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 47,390
US$ 6,858
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-40
Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese伊犁哈萨克自治州
Traditional Chinese伊犁哈薩克自治州
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
Wade–GilesI1-li2 Ha1-sa4-kʻo4 Tzŭ4-chih4-chou1
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjingاِلِ هَاصَاكْ ذِجِجِوْ
Dunganese name
DunganЙили Хазах Зыҗыҗу
Uyghur name
Uyghurئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى‎
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiIli Qazaq Aptonom Oblasti
SASM/GNCIli Kazak Aptonom Oblasti
Siril YëziqiИли Қазақ аптоном вилайити
Kazakh name
Kazakhىلە قازاق اۆتونوميالىق وبلىسى
Іле Қазақ автономиялық облысы
Ile Qazaq avtonomialyq oblysy
Kyrgyz name
Kyrgyzىلە قازاق اپتونوم وبلاسى
Иле Казак автоном облусу
Ile Kazak autonom oblusu

Covering an area of 268,591 square kilometres (16.18 per cent of Xinjiang), Ili Prefecture shares a 2,019 kilometre-long border with Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia.[2] There are nine ports of entry in Ili Prefecture at the national level, including Jeminay and Khorgas. Directly administered regions (直辖区域) within the prefecture cover 56,622 square kilometres (21.08 per cent of Ili's total area) and have a population of 4,930,600 (63.95 per cent of Ili's registered population).[3] Kazakhs in China are the second largest ethnicity in the prefecture after the Han, and make up a little over a quarter of the population.

Ili is the only prefecture-level division that has other prefecture-level divisions (Altay and Tacheng Prefectures) under its administration. The term "sub-provincial autonomous prefecture" (副省级自治州) has often been applied to Ili, but it has no legal basis under Chinese law and is a misnomer.

History

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Early history

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A golden mask inlaid with rubies, likely from the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603). It was excavated at the Boma tomb in Zhaosu County and is a part of the Ili Prefecture Museum's collection.[4]

Before the advent of the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC), Ili was inhabited by the Wusuns, a tributary tribe of the Huns. The Wusuns were driven away in the 6th century AD by the northern Xiongnu, who established the First Turkic Khaganate in 552. The area later became a dependency of Dzungaria. During the Tang dynasty (618–907), the khanate became the Protectorate General to Pacify the West of the Tang Empire.

Ili came under the control of the Uyghur Khaganate in the 8th and 9th centuries, the Qara Khitai in the 12th century, and Genghis Khan in the 13th century. The Oirats, specifically the Dzungars, conquered Ili at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.[citation needed]

 
Map of the Ili region, c. 1809. It is "upside down", i.e. the south is on the top and the west on the right. The nine fortified towns are shown as double rectangles.

Qing dynasty

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The Dzungar Khanate controlled both Dzungaria and the Ili basin until 1755, when the region was conquered by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor. Having defeated the Dzungars in the Dzungarian and Ili basins, as well as the Afaqi Khojas in Kashgaria, the Qing court decided to make the Ili basin the main base of their control in Xinjiang.

In the 1760s, the Qing built nine fortified towns in the Ili basin:

Original Chinese name Chinese Turki (Uyghur) name[5] Modern name[6] Notes
Huiyuan Cheng 惠遠城 Kürä Shahr Huiyuan Town (惠遠鎮) in Huocheng County Old Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1765 to 1866. New Huiyuan was the residence of the General of Ili from 1894 to 1912. Historically known as New / Manchu Kulja or Ili.
Ningyuan Cheng 寧遠城 Kulja (Ghulja) Yining Also was known as Old Kulja or Taranchi Kulja. County seat of Ningyuan County (1888–1914) and Yining County (1914–1952).
Huining Cheng 惠寧城 Bayandai Bayandai Town (巴彥岱鎮) within Yining, some 10[7] to 18[8] kilometres to the west of Yining's city centre
Taleqi Cheng 塔勒奇城 Tarchi Within Huocheng County
Zhande Cheng 瞻德城 Chaghan Usu Qingshuihe Town (清水河鎮) in Huocheng County
Guangren Cheng 廣仁城 Ukurborosuk Lucaogou Town (蘆草溝鎮) in Huocheng County, NE of Qingshuihe
Gongchen Cheng 拱宸城 Khorgos Khorgas City (霍爾果斯市)
Xichun Cheng 熙春城 Khara Bulaq Area commonly referred to as Chengpanzi (城盤子). Located in Hanbin Township (漢賓鄉) within Yining, a few kilometres west of the city centre.
Suiding Cheng 綏定城 Ukharliq Shuiding Town (水定鎮), county seat of Huocheng County since 1966 Also known as New / Manchu / Chinese Kulja. Renamed Shuiding in 1965. Residence of the General of Ili from 1762 to 1765 and 1883 to 1894. County seat of Suiding County (1888–1965) and Shuiding County (1965–1966).
 
Ili (伊犁) delegates in Peking (Beijing) in 1761. From Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute.

Huiyuan Cheng, as the residence of the General of Ili, the chief commander of Qing troops in Xinjiang, became the administrative capital of the region. It was provided with a large penal establishment and a strong garrison. This city was called "New Kulja", "Manhcu Kulja" or "Chinese Kulja" by foreigners to distinguish it from Ningyuan / Yining, known as "Old Kulja" or "Taranchi Kulja".

The first General of Ili was Ming Rui. The Qing tradition, unbroken until the days of Zuo Zongtang in the 1870s, was to only appoint Manchus as officials in Xinjiang.

 
Tacheng (Chuguchak) was among the towns that suffered greatly during the Muslim revolt of 1864.

During the Muslim revolt of 1864, Dungans and Taranchis of the area formed the Taranchi Sultanate. Huiyuan Cheng was the last Qing fortress in the Ili basin to fall to the rebels. The Dungan rebels massacred most of the city's inhabitants; Governor General Mingsioi (Mingxu) assembled his family and staff in his mansion and blew it up, dying under its ruins.

The insurrection led to the occupation of the Ili basin by the Russians in 1871. Ten years later, part of the territory was returned to China in accordance with the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.

In October 1884, the Qing government officially approved the establishment of Xinjiang Province and the local political system in Ili consequently went through major reforms. The Amban (軍府制) and Baig systems (伯克制) were abolished and replaced by circuit, urban prefecture, prefecture, and county systems. The position of General of Ili was renamed Ili Garrison General (伊犁駐防將軍) and its responsibilities were greatly reduced. The Ili Garrison General would only oversee the military affairs of Ili and Tacheng instead of the whole of Xinjiang, the latter responsibility being delegated to the newly created position of Xinjiang Grand Coordinator (新疆巡撫).[9] The Ili Garrison General was based in Huiyuan Town.

Yita Circuit (伊塔道) was formed in Ili and Tacheng in 1888, as a subdivision of Xinjiang Province. It was headquartered in Ningyuan County (present-day Yining). Yita Circuit was divided into Ili Prefecture (伊犁府), Tacheng Directly Administered Division (塔城直隸廳), and Jinghe Directly Administered Division (精河直隸廳). Altay region was formed from Khovd (科布多; seat in Khovd Town) in 1904.[9]

Modern history

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The Xinhai Revolution broke out on 10 October 1911. Under the leadership of Yang Zuanxu (楊纘緒), a general of the Ili New Army, an armed rebellion against the Qing broke out on 7 January 1912. The rebels occupied Huiyuan Town and killed Zhi Rui (志銳), the Ili Garrison General. On 12 February 1912, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Beijing, and on 15 March, it ordered the Xinjiang Grand Coordinator, Yuan Dahua (袁大化), to end Qing rule in Xinjiang.

With the end of hostilities between Qing and Republican forces, the position of Grand Coordinator of Xinjiang was abolished and replaced with the position of Military Governor of Xinjiang (都督). Guang Fu (廣福), Zhi Rui's predecessor as Ili Garrison General, was appointed Xinjiang's first military governor. On 25 April, Yuan Dahua was forced to resign as Grand Coordinator of Xinjiang. On 18 May, Yang Zengxin (楊增新) was recommended for the position of Military Governor of Xinjiang. On 8 July, the Qing and Republican governments signed a peace agreement, which stipulated that the position of Ili Garrison General would be replaced by the position of Defence Governor of Ili (伊犁鎮邊使), under the direct supervision of the Republican government in Beijing. Guang Fu was subsequently appointed as the first Defence Governor of Ili. The agreement also recognised Yang Zengxin as the top military and political authority in all of Xinjiang.

In August 1912, the Republican government adjusted Ili's administrative divisions. The Defence Governor of Ili headquarters were established in Huiyuan Town, the Counsellor's (參贊) in Tacheng, and the Business Executive's (辦事長官) in Altay. Yita Circuit (伊塔道) was retained to govern local civil affairs; it was placed under the administration of the Defence Governor.

The position of Ili Defence Governor became vacant after Guang Fu died of illness on 1 February 1914. Yang Zengxin flew to Beijing to petition the Beiyang government (Republican government) to appoint Yang Feixia (楊飛霞) as Guang Fu's replacement. The appointment was approved by Beijing, and the administrative jurisdiction of the position was transferred from the central government to the government of Xinjiang Province. Yita Circuit was then divided into two circuits, Ili and Tacheng, in 1916. The Circuit Governor of Tacheng (塔城道尹) replaced the Counsellor of Tacheng (塔城參贊) with the establishment of Tacheng Circuit.[9]

In 1919, the Beiyang government placed the Altay Chief under the jurisdiction of the government of Xinjiang Province and Ashan Circuit (阿山道) was established from the Altay region. In August 1939, by decree of the Beiyang government, the mingyan (千戶長) and centenari (百戶長) administrative divisions were abolished and replaced with district and township divisions. Kazakh pastoral affairs were gradually integrated into local government services.[9]

Ili Prefecture (伊犁專區) was established in 1943, with 11 counties and Xinyuan Division (新源設治局; present-day Xinyuan County) under its administration. The 11 counties were Yining, Suiding (綏定; part of present-day Huocheng), Khorgas (present-day Huocheng), Gongliu, Tekes, Gongha (鞏哈; present-day Nilka), Ningxi (寧西; present-day Qapqal), Jinghe, Bole, Wenquan and Zhaosu.[10] In December 1953, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region was established. It was declared a prefecture-level division under the jurisdiction of Xinjiang Province, with the three prefectures of Ili, Tacheng, and Altay under its administration. Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture was created in July 1954 from the counties of Bole, Jinghe, and Wenquan, three counties of Ili Prefecture. Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region was renamed Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture on 5 February 1955.[11]

During the Yi–Ta incident from March to May 1962, a mass exodus of 14,000 people from Ili Prefecture occurred. Chinese citizens, predominantly Kazakhs, left through the border port of Korgas, driven by deteriorating living conditions in Xinjiang and rumours of Soviet citizenship.[12] To compensate for the loss in manpower brought about by the exodus, thousands of Bingtuan soldiers were relocated to northern Xinjiang from the region's interior.[13] The Chinese government also encouraged the migration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese youth from major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin.[13] By 1969 the number of Han Chinese in Ili Prefecture had reached 1.2 million, outnumbering the number of Kazakhs and Uyghurs combined.[14]

Geography

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Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, in the northwest of Xinjiang, north of the Tian Shan. It covers a total area of 268,591 square kilometres, accounting for 16.18 per cent of the total area of Xinjiang. The autonomous prefecture is bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by Mongolia, to the west by Kazakhstan and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture, and to the south by Aksu Prefecture, Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Autonomous Prefecture, Ürümqi, and Shihezi.[2] Karamay is an enclave within Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.

Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway, G218 National Highway, G217 National Highway and S316 Provincial Highway pass through the autonomous prefecture. It has a 2,019 kilometre-long international border with nine ports of entry, including Khorgas, Bakhty, and Jeminay. Due to its strategic location in the middle of Asia, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture has become an important commercial hub and dry port for trade with Europe and the Middle East.[2]

In the autonomous prefecture, there are four types of landforms: 83,632 square kilometres of mountains, 62,989 square kilometres of hills, 102,974 square kilometres of plains, and 20,439 square kilometres of desert. Three major mountain ranges – the Altai, Dzungarian Alatau, and Tian Shan – stand from the north to south, with year-round ice and snow. Friendship Peak in Burqin County is the highest peak of the Altai mountain range, standing at 4,374 metres high. The snow line is 3,000 to 3,200 metres high, the glacier area is 293.2 square kilometres, and the glacier reserves are 16.4 billion cubic metres. The peaks of the Dzungarian Alatau are 3,500 to 3,700 metres high. The snow line of Tian Shan is 3,600 to 4,400 metres high with a glacier area of 3,139 square kilometres, and its glacier reserves are 118.5 billion cubic metres.[15]

Administrative divisions

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Main article: List of administrative divisions of Ili

Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture administers the directly-administered, county-level city of Yining; 2 other county-level cities; 7 counties; 1 autonomous county; and the two prefectures of Altay and Tacheng, despite Ili being a prefecture-level division itself.[16]

 

  Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture
  Tacheng Prefecture
  Altay Prefecture

Part Division
code 		Name Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Kazakh
(Arabic script) 		Kazakh Latin alphabet
Kazakh Cyrillic Alphabet 		Population
(2020 Census) 		Area (km2) Density (/km2)
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture 自治州直辖县级行政单位 Zìzhìzhōu zhíxiá xiàn jí xíngzhèng dānwèi ئوبلاستقا بىۋاستە قاراشلىق رايونلار Oblastqa biwaste qarashliq rayonlar وبلىسقا تىكەلەي باعىناتىن اۋداندار Oblysqa tıkelei bağynatyn audandar
Облысқа тікелей бағынатын аудандар 		2,778,869 56,522.92 49.16
Districts under direct administration of Ili Prefecture 654002 Yining[17] 伊宁市 Yīníng Shì غۇلجا شەھىرى Ghulja Shehiri قۇلجا قالاسى Qūlja qalasy
Құлжа қаласы 		778,047 644 1208.15
654003 Kuytun[17] 奎屯市 Kuítún Shì كۈيتۇن شەھىرى Küytun Shehiri كۇيتۇن قالاسى Küitūn qalasy
Қойтүн қаласы 		229,122 1,171 195.66
654004 Korgas[17] 霍尔果斯市 Huò'ěrguǒsī Shì قورغاس شەھىرى Qorghas Shehiri قورعاس قالاسى Qorğas qalasy
Қорғас қаласы 		71,466 1,908 37.46
654021 Yining County[17] 伊宁县 Yīníng Xiàn غۇلجا ناھىيىسى Ghulja Nahiyisi قۇلجا اۋدانى Qūlja aýdany
Құлжа ауданы 		365,307 4,476 81,61
654020 Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County 察布查尔锡伯自治县 Chábùchá'ěr Xībó Zìzhìxiàn چاپچال شىبە ئاپتونوم ناھىيىسى Chapchal Shibe Aptonom Nahiyisi شاپشال سىبە اۆتونوميالىق اۋدانى Şapşal-Sіbe avtonomiyalyq audany
Шапшал-Сібе автономиялық ауданы 		157,764 4,469 35.30
654023 Huocheng County[17] 霍城县 Huòchéng Xiàn قورغاس ناھىيىسى Qorghas Nahiyisi قورعاس اۋدانى Qorğas audany
Қорғас ауданы 		243,303 3,546 68.61
654024 Gongliu County[17] 巩留县 Gǒngliú Xiàn توققۇزتارا ناھىيىسى Toqquztara Nahiyisi توعىزتاراۋ اۋدانى Toğyztarau audany
Тоғызтарау ауданы 		175,766 4,111 42.76
654025 Xinyuan County[17] 新源县 Xīnyuán Xiàn كۈنەس ناھىيىسى Künes Nahiyisi كۇنەس اۋدانى Künes audany
Күнес ауданы 		306,525 7,581 40.43
654026 Zhaosu County[17] 昭苏县 Zhāosū Xiàn موڭغۇلكۈرە ناھىيىسى Mongghulküre Nahiyisi موڭعۇلكۇرە اۋدانى Moŋğolküre audany
Моңғолкүре ауданы 		146,887 10,427 14.09
654027 Tekes County 特克斯县 Tèkèsī Xiàn تېكەس ناھىيىسى Tëkes Nahiyisi تەكەس اۋدانى Tekes audany
Текес ауданы 		148,945 8,066 18.47
654028 Nilka County 尼勒克县 Nílèkè Xiàn نىلقا ناھىيىسى Nilqa Nahiyisi نىلقى اۋدانى Nylqy audany
Нылқы ауданы 		155,737 10,123 15.538
↪ Altay Prefecture 阿勒泰地区 Ālètài Dìqū ئالتاي ۋىلايىتى Altay Wilayiti التاي ايماعى Altai aimağy
Алтай аймағы 		648,173 117,710 5.51
↪ Tacheng Prefecture[17] 塔城地区 Tǎchéng Dìqū تارباغاتاي ۋىلايىتى Tarbaghatay Wilayiti تارباعاتاي ايماعى Tarbağatai aimağy
Тарбағатай аймағы 		1,108,747 94,869 11.69

Ethnic groups

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A Kazakh yurt in the Ili basin

Ili is a multi-ethnic autonomous prefecture; there are 13 local ethnic groups: the Han, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Hui, Mongols, Xibe, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Manchus, Tatar, Russians, Daur, and Chinese Tajiks.[18] As of 2018, Ili had a population of 4,582,500, 2,745,500 (59.9 per cent) of whom were part of an ethnic minority.[3]

A 2015 report provided the following ethnic breakdown of the population: 1,934,571 Han (41.2 per cent), 1,257,003 Kazakhs (26.8 per cent), 819,701 Uyghurs (17.45 per cent), 433,045 Hui (9.2 per cent), 75,597 Mongols (1.6 per cent), 34,457 Xibe, 22,428 Kyrgyz, 8,298 Uzbeks, 8,298 Daurs, 5,394 Russians, 5,199 Manchus, 2,852 Tatars, 153 Chinese Tajiks and 91,749 "others".[19]

Ethnic breakdown in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, 2018
Ethnic group Percentage
Han
 
 40.1%
Kazakhs
 
 27.2%
Uyghurs
 
 17.9%
Hui
 
 9.3%
Mongols
 
 1.6%
Xibe
 
 0.7%
Kyrgyz
 
 0.5%
Uzbeks
 
 0.2%
Others
 
 2.5%
Source:[20]
Ethnic breakdown of cities and counties under the direct administration of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, 2018
Ethnic group Percentage
Han
 
 35.2%
Uyghurs
 
 26.3%
Kazakhs
 
 21.6%
Hui
 
 10.9%
Mongols
 
 1.1%
Xibe
 
 1.1%
Kyrgyz
 
 0.7%
Uzbeks
 
 0.3%
Others
 
 2.8%
Source:[20]
Population growth of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture by ethnicity (1949, 1959, and 1969)[21]
Year Kazakhs Uyghurs Han Chinese
1949
361,655
171,823
38,099
1959
427,425(+18.2%)
238,870(+39.0%)
365,250(+858.7%)
1969
471,770(+10.4%)
295,153(+23.6%)
1,196,477(+227.6%)

Tourism

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Ili's major tourist attractions include the Narati Grassland, Guozigou Lake, and Kanas Lake. In 2015, Ili saw over 25 million visitors and earned over CN¥19 billion (US$2.92 billion) in tourism revenue.[22]

Transport

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Road and railway

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An extensive road network is being built across the prefecture for economic development. In 2015, 66 million passengers travelled on Ili's roads.

The railway has extended to the northern extremes of Altay and the westmost city of Khorgas on the China–Kazakhstan border.

Border crossings

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Ili has nine international ports of entry:

Heads

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First Secretaries

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  1. Zhao Tianjie (赵天杰) (2017 - 2020)

Governors

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  1. Pätіhan (Fathan) Dälelhanūly Sügіrbaev [zh] (Chinese: 帕提汗·苏古尔巴也夫; Kazakh: Фатхан (Пәтіхан) Дәлелханұлы Сүгірбаев), November 1954 – June 1955
  2. Jağda Babylyqūly (贾和达·巴巴里科夫; Жағда Бабалықұлы), June 1955 – February 1957 Acting Act, from May 1958
  3. Qūrmanälі Ospanūly [zh] (库尔班阿里·乌斯曼诺夫; Құрманәлі Оспанұлы), June 1958 – September 1963
  4. Erğali Äbіlqaiyrūly [zh] (伊尔哈里·阿不力海依尔; Ерғали Әбілқайырұлы), September 1963 – May 1969
  5. Zhong Liangshu (钟良树;[24] Чұң Лияң Шо), May 1969 – May 1970 (military government)
  6. Wang Zhenzhong (王振中;[24] Уаң Жын Жұң), May 1970 – July 1975 (military government)
  7. Xie Gaozhong (谢高忠;[24] Шие Гау Жұң), July 1975 – September 1975 (military government)
  8. Jänäbil Smağūlūly (贾那布尔·司马胡里; Жанәбіл Смағұлұлы), September 1975 – February 1978
  9. Qasymbek Seiіtjanūly (哈生别克·赛依提江; Қасымбек Сейітжанұлы), March 1979 – April 1983
  10. Dıar Qūrmaşūly (迪牙尔·库马什; Дияр Құрмашұлы), April 1983 – May 1988
  11. Ashat Kerimbay (艾斯海提·克里木拜; Асхат Керімбайұлы), May 1988 – May 1993
  12. Bekmūhammed Mūsaūly (别克木哈买提·木沙; Бекмұхамет Мұсаұлы), April 1993 – March 1998
  13. Alpysbai Rahymūly (阿勒布斯拜·拉合木; Алпысбай Рахымұлы), March 1998 – June 2001
  14. Nurlan Äbilmäjinulı (努尔兰·阿不都满金; Нұрлан Әбілмәжінұлы), March 2002 – January 2003
  15. Qyzaijan Seiіlqojaūly (柯赛江·赛力禾加; Қызайжан Сейілқожаұлы), March 2003 – November 2007
  16. Mäuken Seiіtqamzaūly (毛肯·赛衣提哈木扎; Мәукен Сейітқамзаұлы), November 2007 – January 2012
  17. Mänen Zeinelūly (马宁·再尼勒; Мәнен Зейнелұлы), February 2012 – January 2016
  18. Qūrmaş Syrjanūly (库尔玛什·斯尔江; Құрмаш Сыржанұлы), February 2016 – April 2021[25][26][27]
  19. Qadan Käbenuly (哈丹·卡宾; Қадан Кәбенұлы), from April 2021

Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^
    • Chinese: 伊犁哈萨克自治州; pinyin: Yīlí Hāsàkè Zìzhìzhōu
    • Uyghur: ئىلى قازاق ئاپتونوم ئوبلاستى, romanized: Ili Qazaq Aptonom Oblasti
    • Kazakh: ىلە قازاق اۆتونوميالىق وبلىسى, Ile Qazaq avtonomialyq oblysy

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "伊犁州2019年国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  2. ^ a b c 伊犁哈萨克自治州概况. xzqh.org. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b 伊犁州2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报. tjcn.org. 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  4. ^ Giumlía-Mai, Alessandra (2013). "METALLURGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE HUNNIC GOLD HOARD FROM NAGYSZÉKSÓS" (PDF). The Silkroad Foundation: 21, Fig 14.
  5. ^ As per Kim (2004), pp. 54, 229
  6. ^ "History". Yining County Historical Development. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007.
  7. ^ Direct distance from modern maps
  8. ^ Road distance from Lansdell (1885), p. 190
  9. ^ a b c d 阿拉腾奥其尔著 (1996). 清代伊犁将军论稿. Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. also see 清代伊犁将军论稿. book118.com. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  10. ^ 新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州来源、地位及与塔城、阿勒泰地区关系. fangdd.com. 3 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  11. ^ 伊犁哈萨克自治州历史沿革. xzqh.org. 2 December 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  12. ^ Kraus, Charles (June 2019). "Laying Blame for Flight and Fight: Sino-Soviet Relations and the 'Yi–Ta' Incident in Xinjiang, 1962". The China Quarterly. 238: 516. doi:10.1017/S0305741018001789. ISSN 0305-7410.
  13. ^ a b Kraus 2019, p. 516.
  14. ^ Mao, Sheng (2018). "More Than a Famine: Mass Exodus of 1962 in Northwest Xinjiang". China Review. 18 (2): 165. ISSN 1680-2012. JSTOR 26435651.
  15. ^ 伊犁哈萨克自治州地理概况与生态环境. Yili Normal University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  16. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kulja" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 943–944.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i The official spelling according to 中国地名录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国地图出版社). 1997. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  18. ^ Office of the Ili Prefecture Historical Almanac (新疆伊犁地区史志办公室) (2000). 伊犁历代移民开发与世居民族的形成. 新疆大学学报（社会科学版）. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  19. ^ 2016年新疆统计年鉴. xingjiang.stats.gov.cn. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  20. ^ a b 3–7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 [3–7 Population by Ethnic Group by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)]. tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn (in Chinese). Statistical Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  21. ^ Mao, Sheng (2018). "More Than a Famine: Mass Exodus of 1962 in Northwest Xinjiang". China Review. 18 (2): 165. ISSN 1680-2012. JSTOR 26435651.
  22. ^ "National Data". Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  23. ^ "Travelers' Information | Discover Bayan-Olgii". Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b c 伊犁哈萨克自治州地方志编纂委员会 (June 2004). 伊犁哈萨克自治州志 (in Chinese (China)). Ürümqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. p. 282. ISBN 7-228-08827-1. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  25. ^ (ҚЫТАЙДАҒЫ ІЛЕ ҚАЗАҚ АВТОНОМИЯЛЫ ОБЛЫСЫН БАСҚАРҒАНДАР. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)
  26. ^ (Ауыт Мұқибек. О, менің Іле Қазақ облысым!. Абай ақпарат порталы. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)
  27. ^ (Дауылбек, ed. (5 February 2017). Қытайдағы қазақ облсы басшыларының қысқаша өмір баяны, іле қазақ Автономиялы облысы құрылғаннан бергі облыс бастықтарының қысқаша өмір баяны (in Kazakh). Жүңгө қазақ радио торабы. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.)

Sources

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