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Demographics of Hungary

(Redirected from Immigration to Hungary)

Demographic features of the population of Hungary include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Demographics of Hungary
Population Pyramid 2020
PopulationDecrease 9,597,085 (1st January 2023)
Growth rate−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth rate9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy76.16 years (2019)
 • male72.86 years (2019)
 • female79.33 years (2019)
Fertility rate1.52 children born/woman (2022)[1]
Infant mortality rate3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years14.8%
15–64 years67.7%
65 and over17.5%
Sex ratio
At birth1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over0.59 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnicHungarians
Language
SpokenHungarian

Population

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Population density in Hungary by district.
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1784[3] 2,681,595—    
1870 5,011,310+0.73%
1880 5,329,191+0.62%
1890 6,009,351+1.21%
1900 6,854,415+1.32%
1910 7,612,114+1.05%
1920 7,986,875+0.48%
1930 8,685,109+0.84%
1941 9,316,074+0.64%
1949 9,204,799−0.15%
1960 9,961,044+0.72%
1970 10,300,996+0.34%
1980 10,709,463+0.39%
1990 10,374,823−0.32%
2001 10,200,298−0.15%
2011 9,937,628−0.26%
2022 9,603,634−0.31%
Note: Only present territory of Hungary[2]

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[4][6][7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[8][9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries long Ottoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[10]

 
1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary

Population over time

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Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within Hungary
Date Estimated Population Estimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of Croatia Notes
c. 900 AD 66%[4][7] Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km,[12] with a density of 3-4.5 [12] or 0.56-1.06 [11] persons per square km
1000 1,000,000-1,500,000[13]
1060 500,000-550,000[11] A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km.[11]
1100 2,000,000[12]
1181 2,600,000[12]
1200 1,000,000-1,100,000[11] A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km).[11]
1222 2,000,000[14] 70–80%[15] The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242 Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).[16]
1300
1348 Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).
1370 c. 2,000,000 60–70%[15] (including Croatia)
1400
1490 Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
1600 Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699 At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711 At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720
1785-87 8,000,000 5% urban subjects.[49]
1790 End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).[54]
1828 11,495,536
1830
  • 37% (44 percent in central Hungary)[55]
1837
1846 12,033,399
  • 40–45%
  • 41.6%[57]
  • 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[57]
 Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
1850 11,600,000
1857 13,830,870 44.5%[11]
1869 13,508,000 45.2%[59]
1880 13,749,603 46%
1900 16,838,255 51.4%[60]
1910 18,264,533
  • 54.4%[60]
  • 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[61]
 5% Jews (estimated according to their religion).

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

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Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)
Land Mother tongues (1910 census)
Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census)[62]
Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian Other Total
Danube Right Bank 72% (2,221,295) 0% (833) 18% (555,694) 0.6% (17,188) 5.5% (168,436) 0.5% (15,170) 0% (232) 3.4% (105,556) 14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank 32.7% (711,654) 0% (704) 6.6% (144,395) 58.8% (1,279,574) 0.1% (2,294) 0% (200) 0% (393) 1.7% (36,710) 10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza 81.2% (3,061,066) 0.1% (4,813) 9.5% (357,822) 2.1% (79,354) 0.1% (4,866) 4.1% (154,298) 0.3% (11,121) 4.1% (96,318) 18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank 53.5% (945,990) 0.1% (1,910) 5.6% (98,564) 25% (441,776) 0% (486) 0% (247) 14.3% (253,062) 1.6% (27,646) 8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank 61.8% (1,603,924) 24% (621,918) 3.2% (83,229) 3.1% (81,154) 0% (327) 0% (321) 7.5% (194,504) 0.3% (8,547) 12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros 22.2% (474,988) 39.5% (845,850) 19.9% (427,253) 2.1% (44,715) 0.2% (4,950) 13.6% (290,434) 0.1% (3,188) 2.4% (50,391) 10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania 34.3% (918,217) 55% (1,472,021) 8.7% (234,085) 0.1% (2,404) 0% (523) 0% (421) 0.1% (1,759) 1.8% (48,937) 12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume 13% (6,493) 0.3% (137) 4.6% (2,315) 0.4% (192) 26% (12,926) 0.9% (425) 0% (11) 54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian) 0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia 4% (105,948) 0% (846) 5.1% (134,078) 0.8% (21,613) 62.5% (1,638,354) 24.6% (644,955) 0.3% (8,317) 2.6% (67,843) 12.6% (2,621,954)
Total 48.1% (10,050,575) 14.1% (2,949,032) 9.8% (2,037,435) 9.4% (1,967,970) 8.8% (1,833,162) 5.3% (1,106,471) 2.3% (472,587) 2.2% (469,255) 100% (20,886,487)
  •  
    Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[63]
  •  
    Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their research. Hungarians are depicted in orange.[64][65][66]
  •  
    Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1784 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their researches. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The ethnic pattern of Hungary changed due to the centuries long wars and migration movements.[64][65][66]
  •  
    The Red Map.[67][68] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[69] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[70]
  •  
    In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.[71][72][73][74] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.[71] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population according to a separate census on religion[75] and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).[76]
  •  
    Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
  •  
    Demographics of pre-WW1 Kingdom of Hungary (marked with green) in Europe

[77][78][79]

Fertility

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Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)
  1.7 - 1.9
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[80]

Years 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary 5.18 5.15 5.12 5.09 5.06 5.03 5 4.97 4.94 4.91 4.88
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary 4.85 5.11 5.41 5.03 5.11 5.02 4.64 5.09 5.12 5.14
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary 5.23 4.96 5.18 5.23 5.55 5.61 5.29 5.23 5.58 5.23
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary 5.28 5.4 5.5 5.59 5.48 5.57 5.41 5.36 5.35 4.93
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900[80]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary 5.2 4.96 5.25 5.08 5.48 5.11 4.97 4.95 4.62 4.79
Year Total Fertility Rate
1901 5.32
1910 4.86
1921 3.80
1930 2.84
1941 2.48
1949 2.54
1955 2.81
1960 2.02
1965 1.82
1970 1.98
1975 2.34
1980 1.91
Year Total Fertility Rate
1985 1.85
1990 1.86
1995 1.57
2000 1.32
2005 1.30
2010 1.25
2015 1.44
2019 1.49
2020 1.56
2021 1.59
2022 1.52
2023 1.51

[81]

Total Fertility Rate by county

County 1980 1990 2001 2011
Baranya 1.70 1.65 1.52 1.47
Bács-Kiskun 1.81 1.73 1.59 1.56
Békés 1.82 1.75 1.62 1.57
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 1.88 1.83 1.72 1.66
Csongrád 1.59 1.55 1.44 1.41
Fejér 1.85 1.79 1.62 1.56
Győr-Moson-Sopron 1.81 1.73 1.56 1.49
Hajdú-Bihar 1.92 1.82 1.65 1.56
Heves 1.79 1.69 1.57 1.53
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 1.90 1.80 1.67 1.62
Komárom-Esztergom 1.80 1.73 1.58 1.53
Nógrád 1.84 1.76 1.64 1.60
Pest 1.76 1.69 1.54 1.48
Somogy 1.74 1.68 1.58 1.53
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 2.21 2.05 1.85 1.75
Tolna 1.83 1.76 1.65 1.60
Vas 1.82 1.72 1.58 1.51
Veszprém 1.88 1.79 1.64 1.58
Zala 1.78 1.73 1.56 1.52
Budapest 1.25 1.27 1.17 1.13
All 1.71 1.65 1.53 1.47

Source: 2011 census [82]

Life expectancy

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Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900
 
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender
Period Life expectancy in
Years[83]
1950–1955 64.01
1955–1960   66.91
1960–1965   68.79
1965–1970   69.45
1970–1975   69.41
1975–1980   69.59
1980–1985   69.08
1985–1990   69.42
1990–1995   69.41
1995–2000   70.88
2000–2005   72.54
2005–2010   73.74
2010–2015   75.26
2015–2020   76.65

Infant mortality rate

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The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2023 at 3.1 per 1000 live born children.[84]

Vital statistics

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[85][86][87][88][89]

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office[90]

Average population (January 1) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1][80][91]
1900 6,854,000 268,019 177,363 90,656 39.4 27.0 12.4 5.28
1901 260,439 166,662 93,777 37.6 25.0 12.6 5.22
1902 270,385 179,260 91,125 38.6 26.9 11.7 5.16
1903 258,209 179,518 78,691 36.5 26.1 10.4 5.10
1904 260,446 172,704 87,742 37.0 24.8 12.2 5.04
1905 252,501 203,516 48,985 35.5 27.8 7.7 4.98
1906 258,296 176,938 81,358 36.1 24.9 11.2 4.91
1907 261,231 180,216 81,015 36.2 25.6 10.6 4.85
1908 268,637 177,872 90,765 36.7 25.0 11.7 4.79
1909 271,177 184,445 86,732 37.1 25.4 11.7 4.73
1910 7,612,000 265,457 168,875 96,582 35.4 23.4 12.0 4.67
1911 261,375 184,009 77,366 34.8 24.8 10.0 4.59
1912 270,804 172,148 98,656 36.0 23.0 13.0 4.50
1913 264,418 174,241 90,177 34.3 23.2 11.1 4.42
1914 270,690 176,574 94,116 34.5 23.4 11.1 4.34
1915 187,734 189,418 -1,684 23.7 25.3 -1.6 4.26
1916 135,443 159,810 -24,367 16.8 20.9 -4.1 4.17
1917 130,817 163,507 -32,690 16.0 20.7 -4.7 4.09
1918 127,894 207,395 -79,501 15.3 25.7 -10.4 4.01
1919 7,860,000 217,431 157,392 60,039 27.6 20.0 7.6 8.6 3.93
1920 7,987,000 249,458 169,717 79,741 31.4 21.4 10.0 -5.9 3.84
1921 8,020,000 255,453 170,059 85,394 31.8 21.2 10.6 -3.1 3.81
1922 8,080,000 249,279 173,351 75,928 30.8 21.4 9.4 1.7 3.60
1923 8,170,000 238,971 159,287 79,684 29.2 19.5 9.8 -3.7 3.39
1924 8,220,000 221,462 167,668 53,794 26.9 20.4 6.5 3.2 3.18
1925 8,300,000 235,480 142,150 93,330 28.3 17.1 11.2 -2.8 3.36
1926 8,370,000 229,484 139,905 89,579 27.4 16.7 10.7 3.6 3.24
1927 8,490,000 218,548 150,675 67,873 25.8 17.8 8.0 -5.6 3.05
1928 8,510,000 224,693 146,496 78,197 26.4 17.2 9.2 -1.0 3.08
1929 8,580,000 215,463 152,847 62,976 25.1 17.8 7.3 4.9 2.92
1930 8,685,000 219,784 134,341 85,443 25.4 15.5 9.9 -4.7 2.84
1931 8,730,000 206,925 144,968 61,957 23.7 16.6 7.1 -1.0 2.84
1932 8,783,000 205,529 157,106 48,423 23.4 17.9 5.5 1.6 2.78
1933 8,845,000 193,911 129,913 63,998 21.9 14.7 7.2 0.7 2.72
1934 8,915,000 194,279 129,049 65,230 21.8 14.5 7.3 0 2.57
1935 8,980,000 189,479 136,923 52,556 21.1 15.2 5.9 0.8 2.55
1936 9,040,000 183,369 128,333 55,036 20.3 14.2 6.1 0.5 2.48
1937 9,100,000 182,449 128,049 54,400 20.0 14.1 6.0 0.5 2.42
1938 9,159,000 182,206 130,628 51,578 19.9 14.3 5.6 0.8 2.46
1939 9,217,000 178,633 124,591 54,042 19.4 13.5 5.9 0.9 2.50
1940 9,280,000 185,562 132,735 52,827 20.0 14.3 5.7 -1.8 2.48
1941 9,316,000 177,047 123,349 53,698 19.0 13.2 5.7 2.5 2.52
1942 9,392,000 187,187 136,844 50,343 19.9 14.6 5.4 -0.3 2.55
1943 9,440,000 173,295 127,158 46,137 18.4 13.5 4.9 -25.0 2.55
1944 9,250,000 190,000 144,048 45,952 20.5 15.6 5.0 -26.1 2.61
1945 9,055,000 169,091 211,323 -42,232 18.7 23.3 -4.7 3.3 2.64
1946 9,042,000 169,120 135,486 33,634 18.7 15.0 3.7 1.9 2.67
1947 9,093,000 187,316 117,537 69,779 20.6 12.9 7.7 -0.6 2.70
1948 9,158,000 191,907 105,780 86,127 21.0 11.6 9.4 -4.3 2.73
1949 9,205,000 [92] 190,398 105,718 84,680 20.6 11.4 9.2 0.4 2.76
1950 9,293,000 195,567 106,902 88,665 20.9 11.4 9.5 0.2 2.77
1951 9,383,000 190,645 109,998 80,647 20.2 11.7 8.6 -0.1 2.76
1952 9,463,000 185,820 107,443 78,377 19.6 11.3 8.2 0.5 2.72
1953 9,545,000 206,926 112,039 94,887 21.6 11.7 9.9 0.6 2.67
1954 9,645,000 223,347 106,670 116,677 23.0 11.0 12.0 0.6 2.61
1955 9,767,000 210,430 97,848 112,582 21.4 10.0 11.5 0.4 2.53
1956 9,883,000 192,810 104,236 88,574 19.5 10.5 8.9 -14.4 2.44
1957 9,829,000 167,202 103,645 63,557 17.0 10.5 6.5 -4.4 2.34
1958 9,850,000 158,428 97,866 60,562 16.0 9.9 6.1 0.3 2.23
1959 9,913,000 151,194 103,880 47,314 15.2 10.5 4.8 0 2.12
1960 9,961,000 146,461 101,525 44,936 14.7 10.2 4.5 0.1 2.02
1961 10,007,000 140,365 96,410 43,955 14.0 9.6 4.4 0.1 1.94
1962 10,052,000 130,053 108,273 21,780 12.9 10.8 2.2 0 1.79
1963 10,074,000 132,335 99,871 32,464 13.1 9.9 3.2 0.2 1.82
1964 10,108,000 132,141 100,830 31,311 13.1 10.0 3.1 0.1 1.81
1965 10,140,000 133,009 108,119 24,890 13.1 10.7 2.5 0.1 1.82
1966 10,166,000 138,489 101,943 36,546 13.6 10.0 3.6 0 1.89
1967 10,203,000 148,886 109,530 39,356 14.6 10.7 3.9 0.1 2.01
1968 10,244,000 154,419 115,354 39,065 15.1 11.2 3.8 0.1 2.06
1969 10,284,000 154,318 116,659 37,659 15.0 11.3 3.7 0 2.03
1970 10,322,000 151,819 120,197 31,622 14.7 11.6 3.1 -0.2 1.98
1971 10,352,000 150,640 123,009 27,631 14.5 11.9 2.7 -0.2 1.93
1972 10,378,000 153,265 118,991 34,274 14.7 11.4 3.3 -0.2 1.92
1973 10,410,000 156,224 123,366 32,858 15.0 11.8 3.1 0 1.93
1974 10,442,000 186,288 125,816 60,472 17.8 12.0 5.8 -0.1 2.27
1975 10,501,000 194,240 131,102 63,138 18.4 12.4 6.0 -0.1 2.34
1976 10,563,000 185,405 132,240 53,165 17.5 12.5 5.0 -0.1 2.23
1977 10,615,000 177,574 132,031 45,543 16.7 12.4 4.3 -0.1 2.15
1978 10,660,000 168,160 140,121 28,039 15.7 13.1 2.6 -0.1 2.06
1979 10,687,000 160,364 136,829 23,535 15.0 12.8 2.2 -0.1 2.00
1980 10,709,000 148,673 145,355 3,318 13.9 13.6 0.3 -0.7 1.91
1981 10,705,000 142,890 144,757 -1,867 13.3 13.5 -0.2 -0.7 1.87
1982 10,695,000 133,559 144,318 -10,759 12.5 13.5 -1.0 -1.2 1.79
1983 10,671,000 127,258 148,643 -21,385 11.9 13.9 -2.0 -0.9 1.74
1984 10,640,000 125,359 146,709 -21,350 11.8 13.8 -2.0 -1.9 1.75
1985 10,599,000 130,200 147,614 -17,414 12.2 13.9 -1.6 -2.1 1.85
1986 10,560,000 128,204 147,089 -18,885 12.1 13.8 -1.8 -3.0 1.84
1987 10,509,000 125,840 142,601 -16,761 11.9 13.4 -1.6 -2.7 1.82
1988 10,464,000 124,296 140,042 -15,746 11.7 13.2 -1.5 -2.6 1.81
1989 10,421,000 123,304 144,695 -21,391 11.8 13.8 -2.0 -2.4 1.80
1990 10,375,000 125,679 145,660 -19,981 12.1 14.0 -1.9 1.7 1.87
1991 10,373,400 127,207 144,813 -17,606 12.3 14.0 -1.7 1.8 1.88
1992 10,374,000 121,724 148,781 -27,057 11.7 14.3 -2.6 1.7 1.78
1993 10,365,000 117,033 150,244 -33,211 11.3 14.5 -3.2 1.8 1.69
1994 10,350,000 115,598 146,889 -31,291 11.2 14.2 -3.0 1.7 1.64
1995 10,337,000 112,054 145,431 -33,377 10.8 14.1 -3.2 1.7 1.57
1996 10,321,000 105,272 143,130 -37,858 10.2 13.9 -3.7 1.8 1.46
1997 10,301,000 100,350 139,434 -39,084 9.8 13.5 -3.8 1.8 1.38
1998 10,280,000 97,301 140,870 -43,569 9.5 13.7 -4.2 1.6 1.32
1999 10,253,000 94,645 143,210 -48,565 9.2 14.0 -4.7 1.7 1.28
2000 10,222,000 97,597 135,601 -38,004 9.6 13.3 -3.7 1.5 1.32
2001 10,200,000 97,047 132,183 -35,136 9.5 13.0 -3.4 0.9 1.31
2002 10,175,000 96,804 132,833 -36,029 9.5 13.1 -3.5 0.3 1.30
2003 10,142,000 94,647 135,823 -41,176 9.3 13.4 -4.1 1.6 1.27
2004 10,117,000 95,137 132,492 -37,355 9.4 13.1 -3.7 1.8 1.27
2005 10,098,000 97,496 135,732 -38,236 9.7 13.5 -3.8 1.7 1.30
2006 10,077,000 99,871 131,603 -31,732 9.9 13.1 -3.2 2.1 1.34
2007 10,066,000 97,613 132,938 -35,325 9.7 13.2 -3.5 1.4 1.31
2008 10,045,000 99,149 130,027 -30,878 9.9 13.0 -3.1 1.7 1.35
2009 10,031,000 96,442 130,414 -33,972 9.6 13.0 -3.4 1.7 1.32
2010 10,014,000 90,335 130,456 -40,121 9.0 13.0 -4.0 1.2 1.25
2011 9,986,000 88,049 128,795 -40,746 8.8 12.9 -4.1 -1.3 1.23
2012 9,932,000 90,269 129,440 -39,171 9.1 13.0 -3.9 1.6 1.34
2013 9,909,000 88,689 126,778 -38,089 9.0 12.8 -3.9 0.7 1.34
2014 9,877,000 91,510 126,308 -34,798 9.3 12.8 -3.5 1.4 1.41
2015 9,856,000 91,690 131,697 -40,007 9.3 13.4 -4.1 1.5 1.44
2016 9,830,000 93,063 127,053 -33,990 9.5 12.9 -3.5 0.2 1.49
2017 9,798,000 91,577 131,674 -40,097 9.4 13.5 -4.1 2.1 1.49
2018 9,778,000 89,807 131,045 -41,238 9.2 13.4 -4.2 3.7 1.49
2019 9,773,000 89,193 129,603 -40,410 9.1 13.3 -4.1 3.8 1.49
2020 9,770,000 92,338 141,002 -48,664 9.5 14.5 -5.0 1.0 1.56
2021 9,731,000 93,039 155,621 -62,582 9.6 16.0 -6.4 2.1 1.59
2022 9,689,000 88,491 136,446 -47,955 9.1 14.1 -5.0 -4.5 1.52
2023 9,599,000 85,225 128,176 -42,951 8.9 13.3 -4.4 -1.8 1.51
2024 9,585,000 1.39

Current vital statistics

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[93][94]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January–September 2023 64,746 93,770 −29,024
January–September 2024 58,220 93,587 −35,367
Difference   −6,526 (−10.1%)   −183 (−0.2%)   −6,343

Structure of the population

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Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.01.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): [95]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 663 794 5 066 978 9 730 772 100
0–4 241 553 228 350 469 903 4.83
5–9 235 461 222 548 458 009 4.71
10–14 250 542 238 779 489 321 5.03
15–19 250 935 236 815 487 750 5.01
20–24 269 584 252 965 522 549 5.37
25–29 321 164 300 576 621 740 6.39
30–34 321 542 300 563 622 105 6.39
35–39 322 953 310 447 633 400 6.51
40–44 404 753 394 017 798 770 8.21
45–49 396 980 389 352 786 332 8.08
50–54 340 428 344 513 684 941 7.04
55–59 271 871 294 030 565 901 5.82
60–64 279 106 334 279 613 385 6.30
65–69 283 306 374 078 657 384 6.76
70–74 203 869 299 041 502 910 5.17
75–79 137 540 234 575 372 115 3.82
80–84 77 655 166 734 244 389 2.51
85–89 37 559 94 389 131 948 1.36
90–94 12 938 38 093 51 031 0.52
95–99 3 096 10 430 13 526 0.14
100–104 725 1 958 2 683 0.03
105–109 201 414 615 0.01
110+ 33 32 65 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 727 556 689 677 1 417 233 14.56
15–64 3 179 316 3 157 557 6 336 873 65.12
65+ 756 922 1 219 744 1 976 666 20.31

Vital statistics by county

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There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016 [96]
County Birth rate (‰) Death rate (‰) Natural increase
Baranya 8.0 13.6 -5.6
Bács-Kiskun 9.3 13.6 -4.3
Békés 8.2 15.7 -7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 11.0 14.2 -3.2
Budapest 9.2 12.0 -2.9
Csongrád 8.4 12.9 -4.5
Fejér 9.4 12.5 -3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron 8.9 11.4 -2.4
Hajdú-Bihar 10.3 11.6 -1.3
Heves 9.4 14.5 -5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 9.9 14.8 -4.8
Komárom-Esztergom 9.7 13.4 -3.7
Nógrád 9.1 15.1 -6.0
Pest 9.8 11.3 -1.5
Somogy 8.8 14.3 -5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 11.2 12.2 -0.9
Tolna 9.0 13.7 -4.7
Vas 8.3 13.5 -5.2
Veszprém 8.7 13.5 -4.8
Zala 7.9 14.0 -6.1

Ethnic groups and language

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County Hungarian Bulgarian Romani Greek Croat Polish German Armenian Romanian Rusyn Serbian Slovak Slovenian Ukrainian
All 93.5% 0.1% 3.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.1% 1.9% 0.0 0.4% 0.0% 0.1% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
Budapest 95.5% 0.1% 1.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 1.7% 0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1%
Bács-Kiskun 93.7% 0.0% 2.2% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 2.4% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%
Baranya 86.3% 0.1% 4.6% 0.0% 1.9% 0.1% 6.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Békés 91.9% 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 90.0% 0.0% 8.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
Csongrád 96.8% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0%
Fejér 96.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1%
Győr-Moson-Sopron 95.0% 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0%
Hajdú-Bihar 95.4% 0.1% 3.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

0.1%

Heves 92.6% 0.0% 6.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 94.2% 0.0% 4.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Komárom-Esztergom 93.2% 0.1% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 3.6% 0.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 0.1%
Nógrád 90.0% 0.0% 7.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0%
Pest 94.2% 0.1% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 2.5% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.1% 0.6% 0.0% 0.1%
Somogy 92.1% 0.0% 5.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 90.8% 0.0% 8.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.3%
Tolna 90.3% 0.0% 3.9% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%
Vas 94.5% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.0%
Veszprém 94.8% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 3.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1%
Zala 94.1% 0.0% 2.6% 0.0% 1.3% 0.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

[97]

History

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Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

 
The Red Map.[98][99] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[69] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[70]
  Hungarians
  Germans
  Slovaks
  Rusyns
  Romanians
  Serbs
  Croats
  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[100] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,[60] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.[101]

 
Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.[102][103][104] Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

  • In Upper Hungary (mostly Slovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.[105]
  • In Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
  • In Transylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)[106]
  • In Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia (Serbia, Croatia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
  • In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
  • In Burgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930[107]
Ethnic
group 		estimation 1495 1715 1785 census 1880 census 1900 census 1910 census 1920 census 1930
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Hungarians 990,000 95.6% 1,176,000 79.1% 2,103,000 79.0% 4,402,364 82.4% 5,890,999 85.9% 6,730,299 88.4% 7,155,973 89.6% 8,000,335 92.1%
Germans 17,000 1.6% 136,600 9.2% 291,900 11.0% 606,363 11.3% 604,751 8.8% 553,179 7.3% 550,062 6.9% 477,153 5.5%
Slovaks n.d n.d. 37,700 2.5% 130,400 4.9% 199,788 3.7% 192,227 2.8% 165,317 2.2% 141,877 1.8% 104,786 1.2%
Croats 1,200 0.1% 58,900 4.0% 71,700 2.7% 59,251 1.1% 68,161 1.0% 62,018 0.8% 58,931 0.7% 47,337 0.5%
Others 23,800 2.4% 70,800 4.8% 66,214 2.4% 75,598 1.5% 98,277 1.5% 101,301 1.3% 80,026 1.0% 55,503 0.6%
Total 1,032,000 1,480,000 2,663,214 5,343,364 6,854,415 7,612,114 7,986,875 8,685,109

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

  • 551,212 German (6.9%)
  • 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
  • 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
  • 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
  • 23,228 Bunjevac and Šokci (0.3%)
  • 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
  • 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.[108]

From 1938 to 1945

 
Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, the state borders before the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 is marked on the map.
  Hungarians
  Bunjevci
  Croatians
  Germans
  Serbs
  Slovaks
  Slovenes
  Romanians
  Ruthenians
  Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)
 
Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.
 
Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the First Vienna Award (1938) and Second Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians,[109] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.[110] The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.[110] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.[107]

Population of Hungary in 1941[111]
Ethnic
group 		census 1941
Number %
Hungarians 11,881,455 80.9%
Romanians 1,051,026 7.2%
Ruthenians 547,770 3.7%
Germans 533,045 3.6%
Serbs 213,585 1.5%
Slovaks 175,550 1.2%
Jewish[Note 1] 139,041 0.9%
Roma 76,209 0.5%
Croats 12,346 0.1%
Slovenes 9,400 0.1%
Others 29,210 0.2%
Total 14,679,573

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990
Ethnic
group 		census 1949 census 1960 census 1970 census 1980 census 1990
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Hungarians 9,076,041 98.6% 9,786,038 98.2% 10,166,237 98.5% 10,638,974 99.3% 10,142,072 97.8%
Roma 21,387 0.2% 25,633 0.3% 34,957 0.3% 6,404 0.1% 142,683 1.4%
Germans 22,455 0.2% 50,765 0.5% 35,594 0.4% 11,310 0.1% 30,824 0.3%
Slovaks 25,988 0.3% 30,630 0.3% 21,176 0.2% 9,101 0.1% 10,459 0.1%
Croats 20,423 0.2% 33,014 0.3% 17,609 0.2% 13,895 0.1% 13,570 0.1%
Romanians 14,713 0.2% 15,787 0.2% 12,624 0.1% 8,874 0.1% 10,740 0.1%
Serbs 5,158 0.1% 4,583 0.1% 12,235 0.1% 2,805 0.0% 2,905 0.0%
Slovenes 4,473 0.1% - 4,205 0.0% 1,731 0.0% 1,930 0.0%
Others 14,161 0.1% 14,534 0.1% 17,462 0.2% 16,369 0.2% 19,640 0.2%
Total 9,204,799 9,961,044 10,322,099 10,709,463 10,374,823

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

[112] [113]

Population of Hungary 2001–2022
Ethnic
group 		census 2001 census 2011 census 2022
Number % Number % Number %
Hungarians 9,416,045 92.3% 8,504,492 85.6% 8,438,129 87.9%
Roma 189,984 2.0% 315,583 3.2% 209,909 2.2%
Germans 62,105 0.6% 185,696 1.9% 142,551 1.5%
Romanians 7,995 0.1% 35,641 0.4% 27,554 0.3%
Slovaks 17,693 0.2% 35,208 0.4% 29,881 0.3%
Croats 15,597 0.2% 26,774 0.3% 21,824 0.2%
Serbs 3,816 0.0% 10,038 0.1% 11,622 0.1%
Slovenes 3,025 0.0% 2,820 0.0% 3,965 0.0%
Others 57,059 0.6% 73,399 0.9% 55,610 0.6%
Not stated 570,537 5.6% 1,398,731 14.1% 1,086,239 11.3%
Total 10,198,315 9,937,628 9,603,634
  • Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
  • Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.[114]
  • Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8% Roma[115][116]

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

edit
 
Hungarians in Hungary (2001)
 
Minorities of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

Main article: Romani people in Hungary

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[117] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[118][119][120][121][122] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[123] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[123]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

  • Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[124]
  • Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[125]
  • Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[50] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[126] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[127]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[128] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[14]

Romanians

See also: Origin of the Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum,[129][130] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.[131][132] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280)[132][133][134][135] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.[132] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).[132]

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,[136] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.[136] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period,[136] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[136] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage from Venice to Constantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians[137] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.[138] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[139] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[140] Nevertheless, Grigore Ureche in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.[141] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.[142][143][144]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd.[145] Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula.[145]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.[145] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary[146][147][148] were transferred to Slovakia – the exact number depends on source consulted – were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000[149][150] or 120,000[151][152] Hungarians.

Serbs

See also: Great Migrations of the Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).[153] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[154]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[155]

Armenians

See also: Armenians in Hungary

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[156] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[157] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.[156] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.[157] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

See also: Bulgarians in Hungary

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

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Religious affiliation in Hungary (2022)[158]
Denominations Population % of total
Catholicism 2,886,619 30
Roman Catholics 2,643,855 28.3
Greek Catholics 165,135 1.7
Protestantism 1,120,485 11.6
Calvinists 943,982 9.8
Lutherans 176,503 1.8
Orthodox Christianity 15,578 0.2
Judaism 7,635 0.1
Other religions 171,174 1.8
Total religions 4,201,491 43.7
No religion 1,549,610 16.2
Did not wish to answer 3,852,533 40.1
total 9,603,634 100.00
Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
See also: Religion in Hungary

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation led to the first Lutherans, and later Calvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

 
Distribution of religions in Hungary

According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[159] while the largest denomination in Hungary is the Catholic Church (38.9% — Latin Church 37.1%; Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%).[160] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.[161] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

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Hungary migration data, 2001-present

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Year Foreign Immigrants Foreign Emigrants Net Migration (Foreigners) Hungarian Returning Citizens Hungarian Emigrants Net Migration (Hungarians) Total Net Migration
2001 20,308 1,944 18,364 - - -
2002 17,972 2,388 15,584 - - -
2003 19,365 2,553 16,812 - - -
2004 22,164 3,466 18,698 - - -
2005 25,582 3,320 22,262 - - -
2006 23,569 3,956 19,613 - - -
2007 22,607 4,133 18,474 - - -
2008 35,547 4,241 31,306 - - -
2009 25,582 5,600 19,982 - - -
2010 23,884 6,047 17,837 1,575 7,318 -5,743 12,094
2011 22,514 2,687 19,827 2,443 12,413 -9,970 9,857
2012 20,340 9,916 10,424 4,194 12,964 -8,770 1,654
2013 21,250 13,111 8,139 9,354 21,580 -12,226 -4,087
2014 26,004 10,828 15,176 11,356 31,385 -20,029 -4,853
2015 25,787 10,373 15,414 14,810 32,852 -18,042 -2,628
2016 23,803 10,464 13,339 16,215 29,425 -13,210 129
2017 36,453 12,872 23,581 20,906 26,957 -6,051 17,530
2018 49,312 24,370 24,942 23,401 23,808 -407 24,535
2019 55,297 27,895 27,402 23,172 21,900 1,272 28,674
2020 43,785 48,042 -4,257 23,104 19,322 3,782 -475
2021 49,069 46,269 2,800 22,583 21,730 853 3,653
2022 55,514 29,583 25,931 24,147 28,825 -4,678 21,253
2023 61,347 35,633 25,714 23,866 35,736 -9,870 15,844

Foreign citizenship population

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Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary on January 1:
(countries with at least 2,000 persons)[162]
Country 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
  Ukraine 5,774 10,503 24,197 30,316 27,380 30,707 36,017
   Germany 18,627 17,879 16,537 18,344 17,490 19,747 22,310
  China 19,111 19,905 18,851 19,655 18,558 17,685 18,192
   Romania 24,040 22,747 21,017 22,162 18,220 16,601 16,542
   Slovakia 9,519 9,652 9,563 10,582 14,677 16,040 16,744
  Vietnam 3,256 3,698 4,669 5,719 6,719 6,376 7,150
  Russia 4,902 4,790 5,088 5,264 5,035 4,980 6,193
   Austria 4,021 3,743 3,142 3,318 4,132 4,637 4,922
   Italy 3,353 3,576 3,635 4,038 3,662 3,717 3,881
  Serbia 2,312 3,356 5,342 4,989 3,471 3,518 3,988
  Turkey 2,063 2,327 2,785 3,233 3,217 3,461 3,917
  United Kingdom 3,081 3,190 3,105 3,540 3,373 3,323 3,392
   Netherlands 2,814 2,877 2,834 3,158 3,065 3,299 3,652
  United States 3,198 3,373 3,387 3,501 2,977 3,051 3,069
   France 2,523 2,633 2,593 2,833 2,602 2,754 2,933
  Mongolia 838 917 1,470 1,834 1,845 1,854 2,692
   Poland 2,061 1,928 1,960 2,145 2,017 2,038 2,063
  Syria 1,519 1,987 2,139 2,195 2,277 1,889 1,941
Total 151,132 161,809 180,773 199,957 194,491 202,525 226,267
Foreign citizenship population by continent[162]
Continent 2017
population 		% of total 2018
population 		% of total 2019
population 		% of total 2020
population 		% of total 2021
population 		% of total 2022
population 		% of total 2023
population 		% of total
Europe 99,194 65.63 104,254 64.43 117,552 65.03 131,291 65.66 124,422 63.97 131,431 64.90 144,102 63.60
Asia 39,937 26.42 44,692 27.62 49,056 27.14 53,099 26.56 54,730 28.14 55,000 27.16 64,945 28.7
America 5,397 3.57 5,891 3.64 6,850 3.79 7,631 3.82 6,933 3.56 7,454 3.68 7,591 3.35
Africa 5,985 3.96 6,334 3.91 6,660 3.68 7,278 3.64 7,748 3.98 8,028 3.96 7,741 3.00
Other and unknown 619 0.41 638 0.39 655 0.36 658 0.33 658 0.34 612 0.30 588 0.26

Largest cities

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For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities and towns of Hungary.
Name Population (1949) Population (1990) Population (2011) Population (2022) Agglomeration Status
  Budapest 1,590,316 2,016,681 1,729,040 1,682,426  3,310,786 (2022) Capital city
  Debrecen 115,399 212,235 211,320 199,520  281,432 (2022) Regional centre, county seat, urban county
  Szeged 104,867 169,930 168,048 158,022  197,245 (2022) Regional centre, county seat, urban county
  Miskolc 109,841 196,442 167,754 145,735  231,034 (2022) Regional centre, county seat, urban county
  Pécs 89,470 170,039 156,049 139,647  181,342 (2022) Regional centre, county seat, urban county
  Győr 69,583 129,331 129,527 128,050  275,574 (2022) Regional centre, county seat, urban county
  Nyíregyháza 56,334 114,152 119,746 116,439  175,211 (2022) County seat, urban county
  Kecskemét 61,730 102,516 111,411 108,334  180,023 (2022) County seat, urban county
  Székesfehérvár 42,260 108,958 100,570 94,906  - Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.
  1. ^ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

Sources

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  • Taylor, A.J.P. (1948). The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton.

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