The Kabars (Greek: Κάβαροι), also known as Qavars (Qabars)[1] or Khavars[2] were Khazar rebels who joined Magyar tribes and the Rus' Khaganate confederations in the 9th century CE.
Sources
editThe Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII is the principal source of the Kabars' history.[3][4] He dedicated a whole chapter—chapter 39—to the Kabars (or Kabaroi) in his De Administrando Imperio,[4] which was completed around 950. The Emperor described the Kabars as "a race of Khazars" who had risen up against the Khagan.[4] The uprising was crushed, and some of them were massacred, but others escaped and joined the Magyars in the Pontic steppes.[4]
History
editThe Kabars rebelled against the Khazar Khaganate in the early ninth century; the rebellion was notable enough to be described in Constantine Porphyrogenitus's work De Administrando Imperio. Subsequently the Kabars were expelled from Levedia in the Khazar Khaganate leading the Magyar tribal confederacy called Hét-Magyar (meaning "seven Hungarians") to Etelköz while others under Khan-Tuvan sought refuge by joining the Rus' people.[5] One of the names on the Kievian Letter is "Kiabar", showing that some Kabars settled in Kiev with the Rus' as well. According to Magocsi, "A violent civil war took place during the 820s [...] The losers of the internal political struggle, known as Kabars, fled northward to the Varangian Rus' in the upper Volga region, near Rostov, and southward to the Magyars, who formerly had been loyal vassals of the Khazars. The presence of Kabar political refugees from Khazaria among the Varangian traders in Rostov helped to raise the latter's prestige, with the consequence that by the 830s a new power center known as the Rus' Khaganate had come into existence."[6]
In 894, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI, then at war with Simeon, the Bulgarian czar (893–927), called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by Árpád, crossed the Danube and attacked Bulgaria. The Bulgarians, in turn, appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear. Toward 850 or 860, driven from Levedia by the Pechenegs, they entered Atelkuzu (Etelköz) taking refuge in the mountains of Transylvania. At that moment, Arnulf, duke of Carinthia, at war with the Slav ruler Svatopluk, prince of Great Moravia (885–894), [citation needed] decided like the Byzantines to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). The Magyars reached the Danube river basin around 880. As the vanguard and rearguard, the Kabars, or Cowari as they were known in Latin, assisted in the Magyar invasion of Pannonia and the subsequent formation of the Principality of Hungary in the late 9th century.[7] Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).
The presence of a Turkic aristocracy among the Hungarians could explain the Byzantine protocol by which, in the exchange of ambassadors under Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Hungarian rulers were always referred to as "Princes of the Turks".[8]
Archaeological theories on religion
editAt least some of the Khazar elite apparently converted to Judaism,[9] but this might not have included Kabars.[10][11] The conversion did not seem to have impacted most of the population in the Khazar Khaganate: paganism remained as the religion of the majority of the population, and there were also notable Christian and Muslim groups.[9] Since the conversion to Judaism was initiated by the ruler, the theory that the rebels against the ruler would have joined to the conversion has been questioned. There is also debate about the date of Kabars joining to Magyars and it could have happened before the Khazar elite's conversion.[10] Still, according to a theory, graves with Jewish symbols found in modern-day Čelarevo, Serbia could be related to Kabars.[11]
The Kabars supposedly left scattered remains and some cultural and linguistic imprints, but this is debatable.
See also
editReferences
edit- Róna-Tas, András (1996): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, ISBN 963-506-106-4
- Khavars in the Rovaspedia
- Media Cirebon
Notes
edit- ^ The Qavars (Qabars) and their Role in the Hungarian Tribal Federation by Sándor László Tóth
- ^ According to the Turcologist András Róna-Tas, the name Kabar is faulty, the right pronunciation is Khavar. Róna-Tas, András (1996a): A honfoglaló magyar nép. Bevezetés a korai magyar történelem ismeretébe [The conquering Hungarian nation. Introduction to the knowledge of the early Hungarian history]. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, p. 273
- ^ Golden 1980, pp. 134–135.
- ^ a b c d Kristó 1996, p. 149.
- ^ Pritsak, Origins of Rus' 1:28, 171, 182.
- ^ ""A violent civil war took place during the 820s [...] The losers of the internal political struggle, known as Kabars, fled northward to the Varangian Rus' in the upper Volga region, near Rostov, and southward to the Magyars, who formerly had been loyal vassals of the Khazars. The presence of Kabar political refugees from Khazaria among the Varangian traders in Rostov helped to raise the latter's prestige, with the consequence that by the 830s a new power center known as the Rus' Kaganate had come into existence."Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: A Land and Its Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 62.
- ^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11.[1]
- ^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, p.178. Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
- ^ a b Prieto-Domínguez, Óscar: Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism, in Curta, Florin & Holt, Andrew (eds.): Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History. ABC-CLIO, 2016.
- ^ a b Berend, Nora: At the Gate of Christendom, p. 60–61. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- ^ a b Golden, Peter B. The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives, p. 33, 150. Brill, 2007.
Sources
edit- Golden, Peter B. (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars, Volume 1. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1549-0.
- Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szegedi Középkorász Muhely. ISBN 963-482-113-8.